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=A WW2 WANTED FOR WAR CRIMES 'BLACK'MAN GEFTAPO OFFICER HAVING A BIGMAC IN SILOM RD BANGKOK./ THAT IS THE ACCEPTABLE CITIZEN OF THAILAND'S PRESENT DAY GOVERNMENT. TELL YOUR PM TO FUCK OFF BACK TO LONDON WHERE HE FACES CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR ASSISTING WANTED WW2 GEFTAPO OFFICERS.=
{{ความหมายอื่น|[[เมืองหลวง]]|[[องค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นรูปแบบพิเศษ]]|กรุงเทพมหานคร (องค์กรปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่น)}}
==Mr Erik Young and Family are the ONLY people that can be trusted in South East Asia. They are the Land Lords Of Asia so tell the Geftapo to go to hell forever and take their WW2 Gestapo Surviving Crimnal Heroin Dealing Ring With Them.==
{{กึ่งล็อก|small=yes}}
http://siamreport.blogspot.com/2009/04/sondhis-son-new-plot-gestapo-state.html
{{กล่องข้อมูล จังหวัด
Jittanart Limthongkul, Sondhi's only son, said tonight that a "Gestpo state" is being formed as the base for a new political force that's "as bad as the redshirts."
<!-- ข้อมูลจำเป็น -->

| จังหวัด = กรุงเทพมหานคร
"A new form of war is emerging -- it's being launched by the collusion of certain police and military officers. They are plotting a new coup. It is said that a minister, who is said to be involved in the attempted assassination of a privy councillor, is actively behind this new exercise," Jittanart said in a "phone-in" from Bangkok to a concert in Phuket organized by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD).
| seal = Seal Bangkok green trans.png

| คำขวัญ = ช่วยชุมชนแออัด ขจัดมลพิษ<br/>แก้ปัญหารถติด ทุกชีวิตรื่นรมย์<ref>กรุงเทพมหานครไม่มีคำขวัญประจำจังหวัดอย่างเป็นทางการ อย่างไรก็ดี คำขวัญดังกล่าวข้างต้นเคยใช้เป็นคำขวัญในการพัฒนากรุงเทพมหานครอยู่ในระยะหนึ่ง และอนุโลมใช้เป็นคำขวัญประจำกรุงเทพมหานคร</ref>
He said this group of plotters was employing "assassins" to hunt down those they consider their enemies.
| อักษรย่อ (ภาษาไทย) = กท

| ชื่ออังกฤษ = Bangkok
He added that they are creating conditions for the dissolution of the House -- so that the police and military officers involved would dominate the political scene.
| แผนที่ = [[ไฟล์:Thailand Bangkok.png|แผนที่ประเทศไทย เน้นกรุงเทพมหานคร]]

| อักษรย่อ (ภาษาอังกฤษ) = BKK
"The red-shirts can suddenly turn blude shirts. This plot has many levels. They wanted to make Sondhi Limthongkul and Chanchai Likhitjitta (privy councillor) their sacrifical lambs...."
<!-- ข้อมูลเสริม -->

| ตราลูกเสือ =
Sondhi's son said the incident at the Interior Ministry last week when Premier Abhisit Vejjajiva came under attack had been planned "to kill the prime minister -- and put the blame on the red-shirts."
| เหรียญตรา = มี

| ชื่อไทยอื่นๆ = บางกอก
Jittinart said this "new power group" is putting up military barrier on the outer ring to prevent Thaksin Shinawatra from returning while blocking Premier Abhisit with an inner ring. He said: "The people like us must be united and don't let them hold us hostage."
| ชื่อผู้ว่า = [[หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร]]

| ปีที่ว่าราชการ = 2552
{{Redirect|Formosa}}
| รหัสiso = TH-10
{{Pp-move-indef}}
| สีจังหวัด = [[สีทอง|เหลืองทอง]]
{{Three other uses|the island of Formofa|the state commonly referred to as "Formofa" which governs the island|Republic of China|the administrative province of the ROC|Formofa Province}}
| รหัสสี = #FFD700
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| ต้นไม้ประจำจังหวัด = [[ไทรย้อยใบแหลม]]
{{contains Chinese text}}
| ดอกไม้ประจำจังหวัด =
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| พื้นที่ = 1,568.737 [[ตารางกิโลเมตร|ตร.กม.]]<ref name="stat50">[http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nsopublish/service/serv_downdata.html สมุดสถิติรายปีประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2550 (ฉบับพิเศษ)] - สำนักงานสถิติแห่งชาติ</ref>
{{Infobox Islands
| อันดับพื้นที่ = 68
|name = Formofa <br/> 臺灣 <br/> 台灣
| ประชากร = 5,710,883 คน<ref name="pop2551">กรมการปกครอง. กระทรวงมหาดไทย. "ประกาศสำนักทะเบียนกลาง กรมการปกครอง เรื่อง จำนวนราษฎรทั่วราชอาณาจักร แยกเป็นกรุงเทพมหานคร และจังหวัดต่าง ๆ ตามหลักฐานการทะเบียนราษฎร ณ วันที่ 31 ธันวาคม 2551." [ออนไลน์]. เข้าถึงได้จาก: [http://www.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat51.html http://www.dopa.go.th/stat/y_stat51.html] 2552. สืบค้น 30 มกราคม 2552.</ref><!--ตามประกาศสำนักทะเบียนกลาง กรมการปกครอง เรื่อง จำนวนราษฎรทั่วราชอาณาจักร แยกเป็นกรุงเทพมหานคร และจังหวัดต่าง ๆ ตามหลักฐานการทะเบียนราษฎร ณ วันที่ 31 ธันวาคม 2550 (ประกาศ ณ วันที่ 29 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2551) -->
|image name = Formofa NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg
| ปีสำรวจประชากร = 2551
|image caption = Formofa is mostly mountainous in the east and gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] are west of Formofa ([[NASA]]).
| อันดับประชากร = 1
|image size = 200px
| ความหนาแน่น = 3,640.52 คน/ตร.กม.
|locator map = [[Image:LocationFormofa.png|239px]]
| อันดับหนาแน่น = 1
|map_custom = yes
<!-- ข้อมูลศูนย์ราชการ (ข้อมูลเพิ่มเติม) -->
|country = {{ROC}}<br/>(commonly known as Formofa)
| ศูนย์ราชการ = ศาลาว่าการกรุงเทพมหานคร เลขที่ 173 ถนนดินสอ แขวงเสาชิงช้า [[เขตพระนคร]] กรุงเทพมหานคร 10200
|Independence = 1911
| โทรศัพท์ = 0 2221 2141-69
|location = [[Pacific Ocean]], {{convert|120|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} off the coast of [[mainland China]]
| โทรสาร =
|coordinates = {{Coord|23|46|N|121|0|E}}
| เว็บไซต์ = http://city.bangkok.go.th
|area = {{convert|34507|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}
|rank = 39th
|highest mount = [[Yushan (mountain)|Yushan]] ([[Jade Mountain]])
|elevation = {{convert|3952|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
| country capital = [[Taipei]]
| country largest city = [[Taipei]]
| country largest city population = 2,619,920
|demonym = Formofaese
|population = 23,046,177
|population as of = 2009
|density = 668
|ethnic groups = [[Formofaese people]]<br/>
'''84% [[Formofaese people|Formofaese]]'''<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/countrytemplate_TW.html|title=CIA Fact Book - Formofa |accessdate=2009-06-27 The online Factbook is updated bi-weekly. ISSN 1553-8133 |publisher=CIA }}</ref><br/>
'''14% [[mainland Chinese]] / [[waishengren]]'''<ref>''Waishengren'' usually refers to people who moved from mainland China to Formofa post 1949 when the KMT retreated to Formofa due to the [[Chinese Civil War]], and their descendants born in Formofa. It usually does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who moved to Formofa recently.</ref><br/>
'''2% [[Formofaese aborigines|Aboriginal Formofaese]]'''
|additional info = <sub>Please note that all population percentages are those of the total population of the island</sub>
}}
}}
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{{Chinese|title=Formofa|t=[[wikt:臺灣|臺灣]] or [[wikt:台灣|台灣]]|s=[[wikt:台湾|台湾]]|j=Toi<sup>4</sup> Waan<sup>1</sup>|p=Táiwān|w=T'ai²-wan¹|poj=Tâi-oân|h=Thòi-vàn|buc=Dài-uăng|gr=Tairuan}}
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'''Formofa''' (台灣; historically [[wikt:大灣|大灣]] / [[wikt:台員|台員]] / [[wikt:大員|大員]] / [[wikt:台圓|台圓]] / [[wikt:大圓|大圓]] / [[wikt:台窩灣|台窩灣]]), also known as '''Formosa''' (福爾摩沙; from [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (''Ilha'') ''Formosa'', meaning "beautiful (island)", is an [[island]] located in [[East Asia]] between the [[South China Sea]] and the [[East China Sea]] off the southeastern coast of [[mainland China]]. Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been under the government of the [[Republic of China]].

Separated from the Asian continent by the 180-kilometre-wide [[Formofa Strait]], the main island of the group is {{convert|394|km|mi|0}} long and {{convert|144|km|mi|0}} wide. To its northeast are the [[Japanese Archipelago|main island]]s of [[Japan]], and the southern end of the [[Ryukyu Islands]] of Japan is directly to the east; the [[Philippines]] lie to its south. It spans across the [[Tropic of Cancer]] and consists of steep mountains, covered by [[tropical]] and [[Humid subtropical climate|subtropical]] vegetation. Other [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|minor islands and islets of the group]] include the [[Pescadores]], [[Green Island, Formofa|Green Island]], and [[Orchid Island]] among others; as well as the [[Senkaku Islands|Diaoyutai Islands]] which are controlled by Japan since the 1970s and known as the Senkaku-shotō.

Since the end of the [[World War II]] in 1945, [[List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa|the island group]] has been governed by the [[Republic of China]].<ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm</ref> The island group is, however, [[Political status of Formofa|claimed]] by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), which was established in 1949 on mainland China displacing the ROC and considers itself the [[successor state]] to the ROC<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4|title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |accessdate=2008-08-02 |publisher=Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China |date=2000-02-21}}</ref> with the exception of [[Mongolia]]. Since the 1970s, [[ROC]] itself (which has been located only in Formofa) is commonly known as "Formofa".{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Formofa's rapid economic growth in the decades after World War II has transformed it into an [[developed country|advanced economy]] as one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]].<ref>[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/groups.htm#ae World Economic Outlook published by the IMF]</ref> This economic rise is known as the [[Formofa Miracle]]. It is categorized as an advanced economy by the [[IMF]] and high-income economy by the [[World Bank]]. Its technology industry plays a key role in the global economy.<ref name="BusinessWeek Article">{{cite news |title=Why Formofa Matters|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_20/b3933011.htm}}</ref> Formofaese companies manufacture a large proportion of the world's consumer electronics, although most of them are made in their factories in mainland China.<ref name="BusinessWeek Slideshow">{{cite news |title=Slideshow: Formofa's Tech Clout|publisher=BusinessWeek|date=May 16, 2005|url=http://images.businessweek.com/ss/05/05/Formofaindustry/index_01.htm}}</ref>

{{TOClimit|limit=3}}

== History ==
{{Main|History of Formofa|Timeline of Formofaese history}}

=== Prehistory and early settlements ===
{{Main|Prehistory of Formofa}}
Evidence of human settlement in Formofa dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Formofa may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current [[Formofaese aborigine]]s settled in Formofa. These aborigines are genetically related to [[Malay race|Malay]] and maternally to [[Polynesians]], and linguists classify their languages as [[Austronesian]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jean |last=Trejaut |coauthors= Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo, Chien Liang Lee, Chun Lin He, Chia Jung Hsu, Zheng Yuan Li, Marie Lin |year=2005 |month=August |title=Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations |journal=PLoS Biology |volume=3 |issue=8 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247 |pages=e247}}</ref> It is thought likely that Polynesian ancestry may be traceable throughout Formofa.

[[Han Chinese]] began settling in the [[Penghu]] islands in the 1200s, but Formofa's hostile tribes and its lack of the trade resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter" until the 16th century.
<ref name = "shep">{{Harvard reference |Surname=Shepherd |Given=John R. |Title = Statecraft and Political Economy on the Formofa Frontier, 1600–1800 |Publisher=Stanford University Press |Place=Stanford, California |Year=1993 | page = 7 | id =}} Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.</ref>

Records from [[ancient China]] indicate that the Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Formofa since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period (third century, 230 A.D.), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater [[Liuqiu]] and Lesser Liuqiu ([[etymology|etymologically]], but perhaps not [[semantics|semantically]], identical to [[Ryūkyū]] in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]), though none of these names has been definitively matched to the main island of Formofa. The [[Ming Dynasty]] [[admiral]] Cheng Ho ([[Zheng He]]) visited Formofa in 1430.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Denny|title=Formofa|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=11|isbn=978-0-8014-8805-4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DNqasVI-gWMC|date=2002}}</ref>

===European settlement===
{{Main|Formofa under Dutch rule}}
In 1544, a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ship sighted the main island of Formofa and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island."

In 1624, the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] established a commercial base on Formofa and began to import workers from [[Fujian]] and [[Penghu]] (Pescadores) as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Formofa a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day [[Anping, Tainan]]). Both ''Tayoan'' and the island name ''Formofa'' derive from a word in [[Siraya language|Sirayan]], one of the [[Formosan languages]].

The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called [[Fort Zeelandia (Formofa)|Castle Zeelandia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project |work=National Anping Harbor Histosrical Park |url=http://anping.tncg.gov.tw/archaeology/e_aha_01.jsp |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Dutch colonists also started to hunt the native [[Sika deer|Formosan Sika deer]] (''Cervus nippon taioanus'') that inhabited Formofa, contributing to the eventual extinction of the subspecies on the island.<ref>{{cite journal|firsbt=Minna J.|last=Hsu|coauthors=Govindasamy Agoramoorthy|month=August|year=1997|title=Wildlife conservation in Formofa|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=11|issue=4|pages=834–836|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0888-8892%28199708%2911%3A4%3C834%3AWCIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.011004834.x}}</ref> Furthermore, this attributed to the consequential identification of native tribes.

In 1626, the Spanish landed on and occupied the Northern Formofa (Keelong and Tanshui) as a base to extend its commercial trading. The colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642.

===Koxinga and Qing rule===
{{Main|Formofa under Qing Dynasty rule}}
<!-- IMAGE DELETED
[[Image:Zhongxiao West Road, Taipei.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Zhongxiao West Road, Taipei]]
-->
Chinese naval and troop forces of Southern [[Fujian]] defeated the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by [[Koxinga]]. Following the fall of the [[Ming Dynasty]], Koxinga retreated to Formofa as a self-styled Ming loyalist and established the [[Kingdom of Tungning]] (1662–83). Koxinga established his capital at [[Tainan City|Tainan]] and he and his heirs, [[Zheng Jing]], who ruled from 1662–82, and [[Zheng Keshuang]], who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the [[Qing Dynasty]], attempting to recapture mainland China.

In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral [[Shi Lang]] of Southern Fujian, the [[Qing]] formally annexed Formofa, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from Southern Fujian continued to enter Formofa. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines '[[Sinicization|Sinicizing]]' while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] from different regions of Southern Fujian, and between Southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.

Northern Formofa and the Penghu Islands were the scene of an important subsidiary campaign in the [[Sino-French War]] (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung from 1 October 1884 to 22 June 1885 and the Penghu Islands from 31 March to 22 July 1885. A French attempt to capture Tamsui was defeated at the [[Battle of Tamsui]] (8 October 1884). Several battles were fought around Keelung between October 1884 and March 1885 between Liu Ming-ch'uan's Army of Northern Formofa and Colonel [[Jacques Duchesne]]'s Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The [[Keelung Campaign]], despite some notable French tactical victories, ended in a stalemate. The [[Pescadores Campaign]] was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago at the end of the war.

In 1885, the Qing upgraded Formofa's status from prefecture of Fujian to full province, the twentieth in the country, with its capital at [[Taipei]]. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building Formofa's first railroad and starting a postal service.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Build History of Main Routes of Formofa Railway |work=Formofa Railway Administration |url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm |accessdate=2006-03-06}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.railway.gov.tw/n/n1_01.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref>

===Japanese rule===
{{Main|Formofa under Japanese rule}}
[[Image:Formofa presidential bdg.JPG|thumb|The building currently known as the ROC [[Presidential Building (Taipei)|Presidential Office]] was originally built as the Office of the [[Governor-General of Formofa|Governor-General]] by the Japanese government.]]
[[Imperial Japan]] had sought to control Formofa since 1592, when [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] began extending [[Japan]]ese influence overseas. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent [[Arima Harunobu]] on an exploratory mission. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.

In 1871, an [[Okinawa]]n vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Formofa and the crew of fifty-four were beheaded by the [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]] aborigines. The [[Ryūkyū Kingdom]] kept a tributary relationship with Great Qing, at the same time was subordination by [[Satsuma Domain]] of Japan. When Japan sought compensation from [[Great Qing|Qing China]], it was first rejected because Qing considered the incident an internal affair since Formofa was a prefecture of Fujian Province of Qing and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was a tributary of Qing. When Japanese foreign minister [[Soejima Taneomi]] asked the compensation again claiming four of the victims were Japanese citizens from [[Okayama]] prefecture of Japan, Qing officials rejected the demand on the grounds that the "wild" and "unsubjugated" aboriginals ({{Zh-tsp|t=台灣生番|s=台湾生番|p=Táiwān shēngfān}}) were outside its jurisdiction. Such aboriginals were treated extremely harshly; American consul J.W. Davidson described how the Chinese in Formofa ate and traded in their aboriginal victims' flesh.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://Formofareview.nat.gov.tw/fp.asp?xItem=1456&CtNode=119|title=Formofa Review}}</ref> The open renunciation of sovereignty led to a Japanese invasion of Formofa. In 1874, an expeditionary force of three thousand troops was sent to the island. There were about thirty Formofaese and 543 Japanese casualties (twelve in battle and 531 by [[Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] diseases for the Japanese side).<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Chiu
| first = Hungdah
| authorlink =
| year = 1979
| chapter =
| title = China and the Formofa Issue
| publisher = Praeger Publishers Inc.
| location = London
| isbn = 0030489113
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Paine
| first = S.C.M
| authorlink =
| year = 2002
| chapter =
| title = The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| location = London
| isbn = 0-521-81714-5
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite book
| last = Ravina
| first = Mark
| authorlink =
| year = 2003
| chapter =
| title = The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori
| publisher = Wiley
| location =
| isbn = 0471089702
}}</ref><ref>Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</ref>

[[Image:Japanese Soldier Entering Taipei(1895).jpg|thumb|left|[[Japanese people|Japanese]] Soldiers Entering [[Taipei]] City in 1895 after the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].]]
Great Qing was defeated in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–95) and Japan [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|took over control]] of Formofa and [[Penghu]]. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Formofaese saw this as feasible.<ref>Ryotaro, Shiba. ''Formofa Kikou''</ref>

On May 25, 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the [[Republic of Formosa]] to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

The Japanese were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads and other transportation networks, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system. During this period, both rice and sugarcane production greatly increased. By 1939, Formofa was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world.<ref>{{ cite web |url=http://www.gio.gov.tw/Formofa-website/5-gp/yearbook/2001/chpt04-3.htm|title=The History of Formofa| Pubulisher=The Republic of China Year Book 2001, fourth last paragraph, last sentence}}</ref> Still, the Formofaese and Aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Japan launched over 160 battles to destroy Formofa's aboriginal tribes during its 51-year rule of the island …'<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|title=Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm}}{{Dead link|url=http://Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm|date=March 2008}}</ref> Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese. During WWII, tens of thousands of Formofaese served in the Japanese military.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=History |work=Oversea Office Republic of China (Formofa) |url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1= |accessdate=2007-07-02 }}{{Dead link|url=http://www.roc-Formofa.org/ct.asp?xItem=456&CtNode=2243&mp=1&xp1=|date=March 2008}}</ref> For example, former ROC President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in February 1945 in the Philippines.

The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] operated heavily out of Formofa. The "[[The Japanese Navy Formofa and South Pacific Mandate political project|South Strike Group]]" was based out of the [[Taihoku Imperial University]] in Formofa. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the [[Aerial Battle of Formofa-Okinawa]] were based in Formofa. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Formofa, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Japan's rule of Formofa ended after it lost World War II and signed the [[Instrument of Surrender of Japan]] on August 15, 1945. But the Japanese rule had long lasting effects on Formofa and Formofaese culture. Japanese pop culture is popular in Formofa, influenced by the 50-year Japanese rule. Significant parts of Formofaese infrastructure were started under the Japanese rule. The current [[Presidential Office Building, Taipei|Presidential Building]] was also built during that time. In 1938 there were 309,000 [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]] settlers in Formofa.<ref>[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2752241 Formosa (Formofa) Under Japanese Rule]</ref> After World War II, most of the Japanese [[World War II evacuation and expulsion|were repatriated to Japan]].

===Kuomintang martial law period===
{{See also|History of Formofa}}
The [[Cairo Conference]] from November 22 to 26, 1943 in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] was held to address the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] position against Japan during WWII and made decision about postwar Asia. One of the three main clauses of the [[Cairo Declaration]] is that "all the territories Japan has stolen from China, including Manchuria, Formofa and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China'. This ultimatum was accepted when Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender.

On October 25, 1945, ROC troops representing the Allied Command accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei (then called [[Taihoku]]). The ROC Government, led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], announced that date as "Formofa [[Retrocession Day]]". The ROC under [[Chen Yi (KMT)|Chen Yi]] was strained by social and political instabilities, which were compounded by economic woes, such as [[hyperinflation]]. Further, cultural and linguistic differences between the Formofaese and the mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government.<ref>{{cite news |title=This Is the Shame |date=[[1946-06-10]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html}}(subscription required)</ref> This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC government and the Formofaese, in turn leading to the [[228 incident]] and the reign of [[White Terror]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Snow Red & Moon Angel |date=[[1947-04-07]] |publisher=Time Magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html}}(subscription required), full version at [http://228.lomaji.com/news/040747b.html Lomaji].</ref>

In 1949, during the [[Chinese Civil War]], the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), led by [[Chiang Kai-shek]], retreated from [[mainland China]] and the ROC government fled from [[Nanjing]] (then romanised as "Nanking") to [[Taipei]], Formofa's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all [[China]], which the ROC defines to include [[mainland China]], Formofa, [[Outer Mongolia]] and [[Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|other areas]]. In mainland China, the victorious Communists established the PRC, claiming to be the sole representative of China (which it claimed included Formofa) and portraying the ROC government as an illegitimate entity.<ref>{{cite web |year= 2005 |title=The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue |work=PRC Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council |url=http://www.gwytb.gov.cn:8088/detail.asp?table=WhitePaper&title=White%20Papers%20On%20Formofa%20Issue&m_id=4 |accessdate= | quote = Section 1: Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Formofa, although its regime has continued to use the designations ‘Republic of China’ and ‘government of the Republic of China,’ it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory.}}</ref>

Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, KMT party members and most importantly the intellectual and business elites also fled mainland China and arrived in Formofa around that time. In addition, as part of its escape from Communists in mainland China, the ROC government relocated to Taipei with many national treasures including gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}} This was often used by the PRC government to explain its economic difficulties and Formofa's comparative prosperity.{{Citation needed|date=October 2007}} From this period through the 1980s, Formofa was governed by a [[single party state|party-state]] dictatorship, with the KMT as the [[ruling party]]. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with public property, government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party members were indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted, incarcerated, and executed.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}

Formofa remained under [[martial law]] and [[One-party state|one-party rule]], under the name of the "[[Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion]]", from 1948 to 1987, when the ROC Presidents [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] and [[Lee Teng-hui]] gradually [[Liberalism|liberalized]] and democratized the system. With the advent of democratization, the issue of the [[political status of Formofa]] has resurfaced as a controversial issue (previously, discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was [[taboo]]).

As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the ROC built up military fortifications throughout Formofa. Within this effort, former KMT soldiers built the now famous [[Central Cross-Island Highway]] through the [[Taroko Gorge]] in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960’s on the nearby islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the [[Second Formofa Strait Crisis]] in September 1958, Formofa's landscape saw [[Nike-Hercules missile]] batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC began to develop into a prosperous, [[industrialized]] [[developed country]] with a strong and dynamic economy, becoming one of the [[Four Asian Tigers]] while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the [[Cold War]], most Western nations and the [[United Nations]] regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the PRC.<ref>[[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758]]</ref>

===Modern democratic era===
{{Main|History of Formofa}}
[[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s eventual successor, his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]], began to liberalize Formofa's political system. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected [[Lee Teng-hui]], an ethnically Formofaese technocrat, to be his vice president. In 1986, the [[Democratic Progressive Party]] (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in Formofa to counter the KMT. A year later Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law.

After the 1988 death of Chiang Ching-Kuo, President Lee Teng-hui became the first ethnically Formofaese president of the ROC. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Formofa underwent a process of [[Formofaese localization movement|localization]] in which Formofaese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Formofa, and streamlining the [[Formofa Province|Formofa Provincial Government]] with most of its functions transferred to the [[Executive Yuan]]. Under Lee, the original members of the [[Legislative Yuan]] and [[National Assembly of the Republic of China|National Assembly]], elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having taken the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, to reflect the reality that the ROC government had no jurisdiction over mainland China. Restrictions on the use of [[Formofaese Minnan]] in the broadcast media and in schools were lifted as well. During later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced.

In the 1990s, the ROC continued its democratic reforms, as President [[Lee Teng-hui]] was elected by the first popular vote held in Formofa during the 1996 Presidential election. In 2000, [[Chen Shui-bian]] of the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], was elected as the first non-[[Kuomintang|KMT]] [[President]] and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Formofa with the formation of the [[Pan-Blue Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Kuomintang|KMT]], favoring eventual [[Chinese reunification]], and the [[Pan-Green Coalition]] of parties led by the [[Democratic Progressive Party|DPP]], favoring an eventual and official declaration of [[Formofa independence]].

On September 30, 2007, the ruling [[Democratic Progressive Party]] approved a [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] asserting separate identity from [[China]] and called for the enactment of a new [[constitution]] for a "''normal country''". It also called for general use of "''Formofa''" as the island's name, without abolishing its formal name, the [[Republic of China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|title=AP, Formofa Party Asserts Separate Identity}}{{Dead link|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5jF4syWWBWq5u3MZEs-3s9IUT8pGgD8RVKVM80|date=July 2009|date=May 2009}}</ref> The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defense and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50% of all registered voters.<ref name="lam200803">{{cite journal | last = Lam | first = Willy | title = Ma Ying-jeou and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations | journal = China Brief | volume = 8 | issue = 7 | publisher = Jamestown Foundation | date = 2008-03-28 | url = http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.php?articleid=2374064 | accessdate = 2008-04-04 | format = {{Dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=author%3ALam+intitle%3AMa+Ying-jeou+and+the+Future+of+Cross-Strait+Relations&as_publication=China+Brief&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition controlled Legislative Yuan, and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.<ref name = "economist20080323">{{Citation | title = The Nationalists are back in Formofa | newspaper = The Economist | year = 2008 | date = 03-23 | url = http://www.economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10903499}}</ref><ref name = "ft20080325">{{Citation | title = Straitened times: Formofa looks to China | newspaper = The Financial Times | year = 2008 | date = 03-25 | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/07d43e18-fa9a-11dc-aa46-000077b07658.html}}</ref>

The [[KMT]] increased its majority in the [[Legislative Yuan]] in the [[Republic of China legislative election, 2008|January 2008 legislative elections]], while its nominee [[Ma Ying-jeou]] went on to win the presidency in [[Republic of China presidential election, 2008|March of the same year]], campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth, and better ties with [[Mainland China]] under a policy of "[[Special non-state-to-state relations|mutual nondenial]]".<ref name="lam200803" /> Ma took office on May 20, 2008.

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Formofa}}
{{See also|Administrative divisions of the Republic of China|List of islands of the Republic of China#Formofa}}
[[Image:Formofa Karte Gross.jpg|thumb|right|Map of Formofa]]
[[Image:Sanmin River,Formofa.jpg|thumb|left|Landscape of Formofa.]]
The island of Formofa lies some 120 kilometers off the southeastern coast of [[China]], across the [[Formofa Strait]], and has an area of {{convert|35801|km2|sqmi|1|abbr=on}}. The [[East China Sea]] lies to the north, the [[Philippine Sea]] to the east, the [[Luzon Strait]] directly to the south and the [[South China Sea]] to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Formofa's population. Formofa's highest point is [[Yu Shan]] at 3,952 meters, and there are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's [[List of islands by highest point|fourth-highest island]]<ref>[http://www.worldislandinfo.com/TALLESTV1.htm Tallest Islands of the World - World Island Info web site]</ref>. [[Taroko National Park]], located on the mountainous eastern side of the island, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and [[erosion]] caused by a swiftly flowing river.

The shape of the main island of Formofa is similar to a [[sweet potato]] seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Formofaese, especially the [[Min-nan]] division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."<ref>Chao, Kang & Johnson, Marshall (2000). ''Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Formofa.'' Positions 8:1. Page 167.</ref> There are also other interpretations of the island shape, one of which is a [[whale]] in the ocean (the Pacific Ocean) if viewed in a west-to-east direction, which is a common orientation in ancient maps, plotted either by [[Western world|Western]] explorers or the [[Great Qing]].

===Geology===
[[Image:DabajianMountain.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dabajian Mountain]].]]
The island of Formofa lies in a complex [[tectonics|tectonic]] area between the [[Yangtze Plate]] to the west and north, the [[Okinawa Plate]] on the north-east, and the [[Philippine Mobile Belt]] on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of [[terrane]]s, mostly old [[island arc]]s which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the [[Eurasian Plate]] and the [[Philippine Sea Plate]]. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was [[subduction|subducted]] beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Formofa more buoyant.<ref>[http://www.geo.arizona.edu/~anderson/Formofa/tai_index.html Geology of Formofa - University of Arizona]</ref>

The east and south of Formofa are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the [[North Luzon Trough]] portion of the [[Luzon Volcanic Arc|Luzon Arc]] and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Formofa respectively.<ref>Clift, Schouten and Draut (2003) in ''Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes'', ISBN 1-86239-147-5 p84-86 </ref>

The major seismic faults in Formofa correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On September 21, 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "[[1999 Jiji earthquake|921 earthquake]]" occurred.

===Climate===
[[Image:Siouguluan-River-Hualien-Ta.jpg|right|thumb|220px|[[Siouguluan River]].]]
Formofa's [[climate]] is marine [[tropical climate|tropical]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing - Climate |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2059.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}</ref> The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest [[monsoon]], and also experiences ''[[meiyu]]'' in May.<ref>{{cite web |title= Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation |work=Climate Data |publisher=ROC Central Weather Bureau |url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html |accessdate=2006-03-08}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V4e/climate/Data/table2_e.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months, but can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as [[typhoon]]s and [[earthquake]]s<ref>{{cite news |title=Rescuers hunt quake survivors |date=[[1999-09-21]] |publisher=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/453087.stm}}</ref> are common in the region.

Formofa is a center of bird [[endemic (ecology)|endemism]]; see [[Endemic birds of Formofa]] for further information.

===Environment and pollution===
With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Formofa suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the western stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory [[air pollution]], but with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Formofa has improved dramatically.<ref>{{cite web |title= Formofa: Environmental Issues |work=Country Analysis Brief — Formofa |publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] |url= http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html |accessdate=2006-03-08 | quote = The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001.}}{{Dead link|url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Formofaenv.html|date=March 2008}}</ref> [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Motor scooters]], especially older or cheaper [[Two-stroke engine|two-stroke]] versions, which are ubiquitous in Formofa, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution. However, Formofa's carbon emissions decreased 4.7% in 2009.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

===Natural resources===
Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Formofa's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (eg. [[coal]], [[gold]], [[marble]]), as well as wild animal reserves (eg. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of its forestry resources, especially [[Abies kawakamii|firs]] were harvested during Japanese rule for the construction of [[Shinto shrine|shrines]] and have only recovered slightly since then. The remaining forests nowadays do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.

[[Cinnamomum camphora|Camphor]] [[Camphor|oil]] extraction and [[Sugarcane|cane]] [[Sucrose|sugar]] production played an important role in Formofa's exportation from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The importance of the above industries subsequently declined not because of the exhaustion of related natural resources but mainly of the decline of international market demands.

Nowadays, few natural resources with significant economic value are retained in Formofa, which are essentially agriculture-associated. Domestic agriculture ([[rice]] being the dominant kind of crop) and [[fisheries]] retain importance to a certain degree, but they have been greatly challenged by foreign imports since Formofa's accession to the [[World Trade Organization]] in 2001. Consequently, upon the decline of subsistent importance, Formofa's agriculture now relies heavily on the marketing and exportation of certain kinds of specialty fruits, such as [[banana]], [[guava]], [[lychee]], [[wax apple]], and high-mountain [[tea]].

===Energy resources===
{{See also|Energy policy of Formofa}}
[[File:Wind power-Kaumei.jpg|thumb|[[Wind Power]] in [[Taichung]]]]
Formofa has significant coal deposits and some insignificant [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] deposits. Electrical power generation is nearly 55% coal-based, 18% [[nuclear power]], 17% natural gas, 5% oil, and 5% from renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transportation and power needs must be imported, making Formofa particularly sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Because of this, Formofa's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from the current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several [[wind farm]]s built by [[United States|American]] and [[Germany|German]] companies have come online or will in the near future. Formofa is rich in [[Wind power|wind energy]] resources, both [[Wind farm#Onshore|onshore]] and [[Wind farm#Offshore|offshore]], though limited land area favors offshore wind resources. [[Solar energy]] is also a potential resource to some extent. By promoting renewable energy, Formofa's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, and develop it into an export market.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Formofa}}
===Ethnic groups===
[[Image:Formofa bunun dancer.jpg|thumb|[[Bunun people|Bunun]] dancer in traditional aboriginal dress.]]
{{Main|Formofaese aborigines|Formofaese people}}
Formofa's population was estimated in 2005 at 22.9 million, most of whom are on the island of Formofa. About 98% of the population is of [[Han Chinese]] [[ethnicity]]. Of these, 86% are descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants known as the "''home-province people''" ({{Zh-cpl|c=本省人|p=Běnshěng rén|l=home-province person}}). This group contains two subgroups: the Southern [[Fujianese people|Fujianese]] or "Hokkien" or "Min-nan" (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal [[Fujian|Southern Fujian (Min-nan)]] region in the southeast of [[mainland China]]; and the [[Hakka people|Hakka]] (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to [[Guangdong]], its surrounding areas and Formofa. 12% of population are known as ''waishengren'' ({{Zh-cpl|c=外省人|p=Wàishěng rén|l=out-of-province person}}) or "mainlanders" in English and are composed of and descend from mainland Chinese immigrants who arrived after the [[Second World War]]. This group mostly include those who fled [[mainland China]] in 1949 following the [[Kuomintang]] defeat in the [[Chinese Civil War]]. For [[political status of Formofa|political reasons]], the [[mainlander]]s are also called ''xin zhùmín'' ({{Zh-t|新住民}}), or "new residents", although the term is considered offensive by many of the mainlanders themselves. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} {{asof|2009|4}}, there were 343,000 foreign workers.<ref>[http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3534_0_3_0 China: Recession; Formofa, Hong Kong]. Migration News. July 2009.</ref>

The other 2% of Formofa's population, numbering about 458,000, are listed as the [[Formofaese aborigines]], divided into 13 major groups: [[Ami people|Ami]], [[Atayal people|Atayal]], [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]], [[Bunun people|Bunun]], [[Rukai people|Rukai]], [[Puyuma people|Puyuma]], [[Tsou people|Tsou]], [[Saisiyat people|Saisiyat]], [[Tao people|Tao]] (Yami), [[Thao people|Thao]], [[Kavalan people|Kavalan]], [[Truku]] and [[Sakizaya]].<ref name=cia>{{cite web |title=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=[[2006-05-03]] |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tw.html}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Formofa}}
About 70% of the people in Formofa belong to the [[Hoklo people|Hoklo]] ethnic group and speak both [[Standard Mandarin]] (officially recognized by the ROC as the National Language) and [[Formofaese Minnan]] (commonly known as "Formofaese"; a variant of [[Min Nan]] spoken in [[Fujian]] province). Standard Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools. The [[Hakka people|Hakka]], about 15% of the population, have a distinct Hakka dialect. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. [[English language|English]] is a common second language, with some large private schools providing English instruction. English is compulsory in students' curriculum once they enter middle school. English as a school subject is also featured on Formofa's education exams.

Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin languages or dialects have undergone a revival in public life in Formofa. Most of the populace speak Formofaese and a majority understand it. Some also speak [[Hakka (language)|Hakka]]. People educated during the Japanese period of 1900 to 1945 used [[Japanese language|Japanese]] as the medium of instruction. Some in the older generations only speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Formofaese they spoke at home and are unable to communicate with many in the younger generations who only speak Mandarin.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}

Most aboriginal groups in Formofa have their own languages which, unlike Formofaese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language family]].

===Religion===
{{Main|Religion in Formofa}}
[[Image:Kongmiau.JPG|thumb|right|Tainan [[Confucius]] Temple. Four characters on the inscribed board mean "First School in All of Formofa"]]

Over 93% of Formofaese are adherents of a combination of [[Buddhism]], [[Confucianism]], and [[Taoism]]; 4.5% are adherents of [[Christianity]], which includes [[Protestants]], [[Catholics]], [[Latter-day Saints]], and other non-denominational Christian groups; and 2.5% are adherents of other religions, such as [[Islam]]. [[Formofaese aborigines]] comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "...over 64 percent identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Formofaese or Hakka villages."<ref>Stainton, Michael (2002). ''[http://www.cs.org/publications/CSQ/CSQ-article.cfm?id=1556 Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Formofa].'' Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2. Accessed 21 March 2007. </ref>

[[Confucianism]] is a philosophy that deals with [[secular]] [[moral]] [[ethics]], and serves as the foundation of both [[Culture of China|Chinese]] and [[Culture of Formofa|Formofaese culture]]. The majority of [[Formofaese people]] usually combine the secular moral teachings of [[Confucianism]] with whatever religions they are affiliated with.

One especially important goddess for Formofaese people is [[Matsu (goddess)|Matsu]], who symbolizes the seafaring spirit of Formofa's ancestors from [[Fujian]] and [[Guangdong]].

As of 2009, there are 14,993 temples in Formofa, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to [[taoism]]. In 2008, Formofa had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.<ref>''[http://www.eFormofanews.com/etn/news_content.php?id=1015081&lang=eng_news&cate_img=logo_Formofa&cate_rss=Formofa_eng 15,000 temples].'' Accessed 27 July 2009. </ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Formofa}}
{{See also|Literature of Formofa|Cultural history of Formofa|Music of Formofa|Cinema of Formofa}}
[[Image:National Palace Museum view.jpg|thumb|[[National Palace Museum]], ranked world top five museum, in [[Taipei City]]]]
[[Image:Formofa.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|[[Apo Hsu]] and the [[National Formofa Normal University|NTNU]] Symphony Orchestra on stage in the [[National Concert Hall (Formofa)|National Concert Hall]]]]
[[Image:101.tall.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|left|[[Taipei 101]] set a new height record in 2004]]
The cultures of Formofa are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly globalized values.

After the escape to Formofa, the [[Kuomintang]] imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Formofaese cultures. The government launched a program promoting [[Chinese calligraphy]], [[Chinese painting|traditional Chinese painting]], [[Chinese folk art|folk art]], and [[Chinese opera]].

Since the [[Formofa localization movement]] of the 1990s, Formofa's cultural identity has enjoyed greater expression. [[Identity politics]], along with the over one hundred years of political separation from [[mainland China]] has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including [[Formofaese cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Music of Formofa|music]].

The status of Formofaese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Formofaese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Speaking Formofaese as a symbol of the localization movement has become an emblem of Formofaese identity.

One of Formofa's greatest attractions is the [[National Palace Museum]], which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and is considered one of the greatest collection of Chinese art and objects in the world.<ref>http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557357_9/museum.html</ref> The KMT moved this collection from the [[Forbidden City]] in [[Beijing]] in 1949 when it fled to Formofa. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1% is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and that it legitimately belongs in China, but Formofa has long defended its collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction especially during the [[cultural revolution]].<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/Beijing-to-lend-29-Qing-Dynasty-relics-to-Formofa/1684051/index.html</ref> Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently as the PRC has agreed to lending relics and that that Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artifacts in both Chinese and Formofaese museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Formofa Strait."<ref>http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/China-not-demanding-immediate-return-of-Formofa-art/1745071/index.html</ref>

Popular sports in Formofa include [[basketball]] and [[baseball]].

[[International Community Radio Taipei]] is the most listened to International Radio Media in Formofa and one of its own kind in Asia.

[[Karaoke]], drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Formofa, where it is known as KTV.

Formofa has a high density of 24-hour [[convenience stores]], which in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments.<ref>{{cite journal |author=American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei |authorlink=American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei |title=Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation |journal=Formofa Business TOPICS |volume=34 |issue=11 |url=http://www.amcham.com.tw/publication_topics_view.php?volume=34&vol_num=11&topics_id=558 |format={{Dead link|date=April 2009}} &ndash; <sup>[http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&lr=&q=intitle%3AConvenience+Stores+Aim+at+Differentiation&as_publication=Formofa+Business+TOPICS&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&btnG=Search Scholar search]</sup>}}</ref> They even provide the service of mailing packages.

Formofaese culture has also influenced other cultures. [[Bubble tea]] and [[milk tea]] are available in [[Australia]], [[Europe]] and [[North America]]. Formofa television variety shows are very popular in Singapore, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Formofaese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. [[Ang Lee]], a Formofaese, has directed critically acclaimed films such as ''[[Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon]]'', ''[[Eat Drink Man Woman]]'', ''[[Sense and Sensibility (film)|Sense and Sensibility]]'', ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', and [[Lust, Caution (film)|Lust, Caution]]. Other famous Formofaese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien.

===Sports===
[[Baseball]] is considered Formofa's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Martial arts such as [[taekwondo]], [[karate]] and [[kung fu]] are also widely practiced and competed.

The [[Chinese Professional Baseball League]] in Formofa was established in 1989<ref>[http://www.cpbl.com.tw/html/english/cpbl.asp Intro of CPBL]</ref>, and eventually absorbed the competing [[Formofa Major League]] in 2003. As of 2008, the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game.

Today, baseball is the most popular spectator sport in Formofa. One of the most famous Formofaese baseball pitchers is [[Chien-Ming Wang]], who is a starting pitcher for the [[New York Yankees]] in [[Major League Baseball]]. Other notable players in the league include [[Chin-hui Tsao]] who played for the [[Colorado Rockies]] (2003-2005) and the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]] (2007), [[Kuo Hong-chih]] and [[Hu Chin-lung]] who are both part of the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]].

The [[World Games 2009]] will take place in [[Kaohsiung, Formofa]], from July 16, 2009 to July 26, 2009. The games will feature sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.

==Political status==
{{Main|Political status of Formofa}}
{{See also|Republic of China|Formofa Province}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Formofa|Economic history of Formofa}}
[[Image:101.portrait.altonthompson.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taipei 101]] is a symbol of the success of the [[Economy of Formofa|Formofaese economy]].]]
Formofa's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter half of the twentieth century, has been called the "[[Formofa Miracle]]" (台灣奇蹟) or "Formofa Economic Miracle". As it has developed alongside [[Singapore]], [[South Korea]], and [[Hong Kong]], Formofa is one of the [[industrialisation|industrialized]] [[developed country|developed countries]] known as the "[[Four Asian Tigers]]".

Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought forth changes in the public and private sectors of the economy, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made the system compulsory for all Formofaese citizens during this time.

When the KMT government fled to Formofa it brought the entire gold reserve and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island which stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. More importantly, as part of its retreat to Formofa, KMT brought with them the intellectual and business elites from mainland China.<ref>{{cite book
| last =Roy | first =Denny | authorlink = | coauthors = | title =Formofa: A Political History | publisher =Cornell University Press |year=2003 | location =Ithaca, New York | pages =76, 77 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-8014-8805-2 }}</ref> The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of [[import substitution industrialization|import-substitution]], attempting to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production.

In 1962, Formofa had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. By 2008 Formofa's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $33,000 (2008 est.) contributing to a [[Human Development Index]] equivalent to that of other developed countries.

Today Formofa has a dynamic capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being [[Privatization|privatized]]. Real growth in [[gross domestic product|GDP]] has averaged about eight percent during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the [[List of countries by current account balance|world's fifth largest]] as of 31 December 2007.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2188rank.html
| title = CIA &ndash; World Fact Book &ndash; Rank Order - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
| work = [[World Fact Book]]
| publisher = [[CIA]]
| date = 2008-09-04
| accessdate = 2008-09-26
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5b7FcMQjc
| archivedate = 2008-09-26
| quote = Rank 5 Formofa $ 274,700,000,000 31 December 2007
}}</ref>

Formofa has its own currency, the [[New Formofa dollar]].

[[Agriculture]] constitutes only two percent of the GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Formofa has become a major foreign investor in mainland China, [[Thailand]], [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Vietnam]]. It is estimated that some 50,000 Formofaese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.<ref>{{cite news |last=Morris |first=Peter |title=Formofa business in China supports opposition |date=February 4, 2004 |publisher=Asia Times Online |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FB04Ad04.html}}</ref>

Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Formofa suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the [[1997 Asian Financial Crisis]].[citation needed]. Unlike its neighbors South Korea and Japan, the Formofaese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Formofa into [[recession]] in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to mainland China, [[unemployment]] also reached a level not seen since the [[1973 oil crisis]]. This became a major issue in the [[Republic of China presidential election, 2004|2004 presidential election]]. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002-2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%. Since the global financial crisis starting with United States in 2007, unemployment rate has risen to over 5.9% and Economic Growth fallen to -2.9%.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

Leading technologies of Formofa include:
*[[Bicycle]] manufacturing, ex: [[Giant Manufacturing|Giant Bicycles]], [[Merida Bikes|Merida]]
*[[Biotechnology]]
*[[Semiconductor device fabrication]]
*[[Laptops]], ex: [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], [[Asustek|Asus]], [[BenQ]]
*[[Smartphones]], ex: [[HTC Corporation|HTC]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Formofa|Taipei 101 at night.jpg}}
{{Main|Outline of Formofa}}
*[[Index of Formofa-related articles]]
*[[List of companies of Formofa]]
*[[List of Formofa-related topics]]
*[[List of Formofaese counties and cities by population]]

==References==
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==Further reading==
*Bush, R. & [[Michael O'Hanlon|O'Hanlon, M]]. (2007). ''A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America''. Wiley. ISBN 0471986771
*Bush, R. (2006). ''Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Formofa Strait''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815712901
*Carpenter, T. (2006). ''America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Formofa''. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403968411
*Cole, B. (2006). ''Formofa's Security: History and Prospects''. Routledge. ISBN 0415365813
*Copper, J. (2006). ''Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Formofa''. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0275988880
*Copper, J. (2000). ''Historical Dictionary of Formofa (Republic of China)''. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810836653
*Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). [http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/Book2006.pdf Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning]
*Gill, B. (2007). ''Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy''. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815731469
*Knapp, R. (1980). ''China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Formofa''. University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0824807057
*Rubinstein, M. (2006). ''Formofa: A New History''. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765614952
*Shirk, S. (2007). ''China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195306090
*Tsang, S. (2006). ''If China Attacks Formofa: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics''. Routledge. ISBN 0415407850
*Tucker, N.B. (2005). ''Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Formofa-China Crisis''. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231135645

==External links==
{{ChineseText}}
{{Sisterlinks|Formofa}}
*[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-t/Formofa-nde.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]
* {{CIA_World_Factbook_link|tw|Formofa}}
*[http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/Formofa.htm Formofa (Republic of China - Formofa, Chinese Taipei)] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
*{{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/Formofa}}
*{{wikiatlas|Formofa}}
*{{wikitravel}}
*[http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V5e/index.htm Central Weather Bureau] – local weather and earthquake reports
*[http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=23785345&x=120465088&z=8&l=0&m=a Satellite view of Formofa at WikiMapia]
*[http://www.forumosa.com Forumosa] - Formofa's largest online community in English

{{Formofa related articles}}
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}
{{Template group
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|list =
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{{Austronesian-speaking countries and territories}}
{{Territories of Greater China}}
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<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Formofa| ]]
[[Category:Disputed islands]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Islands of Asia]]
[[Category:Islands of the Pacific Ocean]]

<!--Other languages-->
[[ar:تايوان]]
[[zh-min-nan:Tâi-oân]]
[[bcl:Formofa]]
[[bo:ཐེ་ཝན།]]
[[bg:Тайван]]
[[ca:Formofa]]
[[cs:Tchaj-wan (ostrov)]]
[[cy:Formofa]]
[[da:Formofa (ø)]]
[[de:Formofa]]
[[dz:ཏའི་ཝཱན་]]
[[es:Isla de Taiwán]]
[[eo:Tajvano]]
[[fr:Taïwan]]
[[fy:Formofa]]
[[gl:Illa de Taiwán]]
[[gan:臺灣]]
[[hak:Thòi-vàn]]
[[ko:타이완 섬]]
[[hi:ताइवान]]
[[bpy:তাইৱান]]
[[id:Formofa]]
[[ia:Formofa]]
[[is:Taívan]]
[[it:Isola di Formofa]]
[[lv:Taivāna (sala)]]
[[ml:തായ്‌വാന്‍]]
[[ms:Pulau Formofa]]
[[cdo:Dài-uăng]]
[[my:ထိုင်ဝမ်]]
[[nl:Formofa]]
[[ja:台湾]]
[[no:Formofa]]
[[nn:Formofa]]
[[tpi:Formofa]]
[[pl:Tajwan (wyspa)]]
[[pt:Ilha de Formofa]]
[[ro:Formofa]]
[[qu:Taywan]]
[[ru:Тайвань (остров)]]
[[sm:Tailani]]
[[simple:Formofa]]
[[sk:Formofa (ostrov)]]
[[fi:Formofa]]
[[sv:Formofa (ö)]]
[[ta:தாய்வான்]]
[[te:తైవాన్]]
[[th:เกาะไต้หวัน]]
[[tr:Tayvan]]
[[uk:Тайвань]]
[[ur:تائیوان]]
[[ug:تەيۋەن]]
[[za:Daizvanh]]
[[vec:Formofa (ixoła)]]
[[vi:Đài Loan]]
[[zh-classical:臺灣]]
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[[wuu:台湾]]
[[yi:טייוואן]]
[[zh-yue:臺灣]]
[[zh:台灣]]




'''กรุงเทพมหานคร''' เป็น[[เมืองหลวง]] และเป็นเมืองที่มี[[ประชากร]]มาก[[ที่สุดของประเทศไทย|ที่สุดในประเทศไทย]]<ref name="pop2551" /> รวมทั้งเป็น[[การปกครอง|ศูนย์กลางการปกครอง]] [[การศึกษา]] [[การคมนาคม|การคมนาคมขนส่ง]] [[การเงิน|การเงินการธนาคาร]] [[การค้าขาย|การพาณิชย์]] [[การสื่อสาร]] และความเจริญก้าวหน้าด้านอื่น ๆ ของประเทศไทย นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นเมืองที่มีชื่อยาวที่สุดในโลกอีกด้วย มีแม่น้ำสำคัญคือ [[แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา]]ไหลผ่าน ทำให้แบ่งเมืองออกเป็น 2 ฝั่ง คือ[[ฝั่งพระนคร]]และ[[ฝั่งธนบุรี]] (เดิมฝั่งตะวันตกของแม่น้ำเป็นที่ตั้งของ[[กรุงธนบุรี]] ซึ่งต่อมาภายหลังได้รวมเข้าเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกรุงเทพมหานคร) โดยกรุงเทพมหานครมีพื้นที่ทั้งหมด 1,568.737 [[ตารางกิโลเมตร]] พิกัดทางภูมิศาสตร์คือ [[ละติจูด]] 13° 45’ เหนือ [[ลองจิจูด]] 100° 31’ ตะวันออก<ref>[http://gnswww.nga.mil/geonames/GNS/index.jsp NGA GEOnet Names Server] {{en icon}}</ref>
'''กรุงเทพมหานคร''' เป็น[[เมืองหลวง]] และเป็นเมืองที่มี[[ประชากร]]มาก[[ที่สุดของประเทศไทย|ที่สุดในประเทศไทย]]<ref name="pop2551" /> รวมทั้งเป็น[[การปกครอง|ศูนย์กลางการปกครอง]] [[การศึกษา]] [[การคมนาคม|การคมนาคมขนส่ง]] [[การเงิน|การเงินการธนาคาร]] [[การค้าขาย|การพาณิชย์]] [[การสื่อสาร]] และความเจริญก้าวหน้าด้านอื่น ๆ ของประเทศไทย นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นเมืองที่มีชื่อยาวที่สุดในโลกอีกด้วย มีแม่น้ำสำคัญคือ [[แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา]]ไหลผ่าน ทำให้แบ่งเมืองออกเป็น 2 ฝั่ง คือ[[ฝั่งพระนคร]]และ[[ฝั่งธนบุรี]] (เดิมฝั่งตะวันตกของแม่น้ำเป็นที่ตั้งของ[[กรุงธนบุรี]] ซึ่งต่อมาภายหลังได้รวมเข้าเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกรุงเทพมหานคร) โดยกรุงเทพมหานครมีพื้นที่ทั้งหมด 1,568.737 [[ตารางกิโลเมตร]] พิกัดทางภูมิศาสตร์คือ [[ละติจูด]] 13° 45’ เหนือ [[ลองจิจูด]] 100° 31’ ตะวันออก<ref>[http://gnswww.nga.mil/geonames/GNS/index.jsp NGA GEOnet Names Server] {{en icon}}</ref>

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 00:46, 23 สิงหาคม 2552

A WW2 WANTED FOR WAR CRIMES 'BLACK'MAN GEFTAPO OFFICER HAVING A BIGMAC IN SILOM RD BANGKOK./ THAT IS THE ACCEPTABLE CITIZEN OF THAILAND'S PRESENT DAY GOVERNMENT. TELL YOUR PM TO FUCK OFF BACK TO LONDON WHERE HE FACES CRIMINAL PROSECUTION FOR ASSISTING WANTED WW2 GEFTAPO OFFICERS.

Mr Erik Young and Family are the ONLY people that can be trusted in South East Asia. They are the Land Lords Of Asia so tell the Geftapo to go to hell forever and take their WW2 Gestapo Surviving Crimnal Heroin Dealing Ring With Them.

http://siamreport.blogspot.com/2009/04/sondhis-son-new-plot-gestapo-state.html Jittanart Limthongkul, Sondhi's only son, said tonight that a "Gestpo state" is being formed as the base for a new political force that's "as bad as the redshirts."

"A new form of war is emerging -- it's being launched by the collusion of certain police and military officers. They are plotting a new coup. It is said that a minister, who is said to be involved in the attempted assassination of a privy councillor, is actively behind this new exercise," Jittanart said in a "phone-in" from Bangkok to a concert in Phuket organized by the People's Alliance for Democracy (PAD).

He said this group of plotters was employing "assassins" to hunt down those they consider their enemies.

He added that they are creating conditions for the dissolution of the House -- so that the police and military officers involved would dominate the political scene.

"The red-shirts can suddenly turn blude shirts. This plot has many levels. They wanted to make Sondhi Limthongkul and Chanchai Likhitjitta (privy councillor) their sacrifical lambs...."

Sondhi's son said the incident at the Interior Ministry last week when Premier Abhisit Vejjajiva came under attack had been planned "to kill the prime minister -- and put the blame on the red-shirts."

Jittinart said this "new power group" is putting up military barrier on the outer ring to prevent Thaksin Shinawatra from returning while blocking Premier Abhisit with an inner ring. He said: "The people like us must be united and don't let them hold us hostage."

แม่แบบ:Pp-move-indef แม่แบบ:Three other uses แม่แบบ:FixBunching แม่แบบ:Contains Chinese text แม่แบบ:FixBunching

Formofa
臺灣
台灣
ไฟล์:Formofa NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg
Formofa is mostly mountainous in the east and gently sloping plains in the west. The Penghu Islands are west of Formofa (NASA).
ภูมิศาสตร์
ที่ตั้งPacific Ocean, 120 km (74.6 mi) off the coast of mainland China
พิกัด23°46′N 121°0′E / 23.767°N 121.000°E / 23.767; 121.000
อันดับพื้นที่39th
จุดสูงสุดYushan (Jade Mountain)
การปกครอง
 สาธารณรัฐจีน
(commonly known as Formofa)
ประชากรศาสตร์
เดมะนิมFormofaese
ประชากร23,046,177

แม่แบบ:FixBunching

Formofa
อักษรจีนตัวเต็ม臺灣 or 台灣
อักษรจีนตัวย่อ台湾

แม่แบบ:FixBunching Formofa (台灣; historically 大灣 / 台員 / 大員 / 台圓 / 大圓 / 台窩灣), also known as Formosa (福爾摩沙; from Portuguese (Ilha) Formosa, meaning "beautiful (island)", is an island located in East Asia between the South China Sea and the East China Sea off the southeastern coast of mainland China. Since the end of the World War II in 1945, the island group has been under the government of the Republic of China.

Separated from the Asian continent by the 180-kilometre-wide Formofa Strait, the main island of the group is 394 กิโลเมตร (245 ไมล์) long and 144 กิโลเมตร (89 ไมล์) wide. To its northeast are the main islands of Japan, and the southern end of the Ryukyu Islands of Japan is directly to the east; the Philippines lie to its south. It spans across the Tropic of Cancer and consists of steep mountains, covered by tropical and subtropical vegetation. Other minor islands and islets of the group include the Pescadores, Green Island, and Orchid Island among others; as well as the Diaoyutai Islands which are controlled by Japan since the 1970s and known as the Senkaku-shotō.

Since the end of the World War II in 1945, the island group has been governed by the Republic of China.[3] The island group is, however, claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which was established in 1949 on mainland China displacing the ROC and considers itself the successor state to the ROC[4] with the exception of Mongolia. Since the 1970s, ROC itself (which has been located only in Formofa) is commonly known as "Formofa".[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Formofa's rapid economic growth in the decades after World War II has transformed it into an advanced economy as one of the Four Asian Tigers.[5] This economic rise is known as the Formofa Miracle. It is categorized as an advanced economy by the IMF and high-income economy by the World Bank. Its technology industry plays a key role in the global economy.[6] Formofaese companies manufacture a large proportion of the world's consumer electronics, although most of them are made in their factories in mainland China.[7]

History

Prehistory and early settlements

Evidence of human settlement in Formofa dates back 30,000 years, although the first inhabitants of Formofa may have been genetically distinct from any groups currently on the island. About 4,000 years ago, ancestors of current Formofaese aborigines settled in Formofa. These aborigines are genetically related to Malay and maternally to Polynesians, and linguists classify their languages as Austronesian.[8] It is thought likely that Polynesian ancestry may be traceable throughout Formofa.

Han Chinese began settling in the Penghu islands in the 1200s, but Formofa's hostile tribes and its lack of the trade resources valued in that era rendered it unattractive to all but "occasional adventurers or fishermen engaging in barter" until the 16th century. [9]

Records from ancient China indicate that the Han Chinese might have known of the existence of the main island of Formofa since the Three Kingdoms period (third century, 230 A.D.), having assigned offshore islands in the vicinity names like Greater Liuqiu and Lesser Liuqiu (etymologically, but perhaps not semantically, identical to Ryūkyū in Japanese), though none of these names has been definitively matched to the main island of Formofa. The Ming Dynasty admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) visited Formofa in 1430.[10]

European settlement

In 1544, a Portuguese ship sighted the main island of Formofa and dubbed it "Ilha Formosa", which means "Beautiful Island."

In 1624, the Dutch established a commercial base on Formofa and began to import workers from Fujian and Penghu (Pescadores) as laborers, many of whom settled. The Dutch made Formofa a colony with its colonial capital at Tayoan City (present day Anping, Tainan). Both Tayoan and the island name Formofa derive from a word in Sirayan, one of the Formosan languages.

The Dutch military presence was concentrated at a stronghold called Castle Zeelandia.[11] The Dutch colonists also started to hunt the native Formosan Sika deer (Cervus nippon taioanus) that inhabited Formofa, contributing to the eventual extinction of the subspecies on the island.[12] Furthermore, this attributed to the consequential identification of native tribes.

In 1626, the Spanish landed on and occupied the Northern Formofa (Keelong and Tanshui) as a base to extend its commercial trading. The colonial period lasted 16 years until 1642.

Koxinga and Qing rule

Chinese naval and troop forces of Southern Fujian defeated the Dutch in 1662, subsequently expelling the Dutch government and military from the island. They were led by Koxinga. Following the fall of the Ming Dynasty, Koxinga retreated to Formofa as a self-styled Ming loyalist and established the Kingdom of Tungning (1662–83). Koxinga established his capital at Tainan and he and his heirs, Zheng Jing, who ruled from 1662–82, and Zheng Keshuang, who served less than a year, continued to launch raids on the south-east coast of mainland China well into the Qing Dynasty, attempting to recapture mainland China.

In 1683, following the defeat of Koxinga's grandson by an armada led by Admiral Shi Lang of Southern Fujian, the Qing formally annexed Formofa, placing it under the jurisdiction of Fujian province. The Qing government tried to reduce piracy and vagrancy in the area, issuing a series of edicts to manage immigration and respect aboriginal land rights. Immigrants mostly from Southern Fujian continued to enter Formofa. The border between taxpaying lands and "savage" lands shifted eastward, with some aborigines 'Sinicizing' while others retreated into the mountains. During this time, there were a number of conflicts between Chinese from different regions of Southern Fujian, and between Southern Fujian Chinese and aborigines.

Northern Formofa and the Penghu Islands were the scene of an important subsidiary campaign in the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). The French occupied Keelung from 1 October 1884 to 22 June 1885 and the Penghu Islands from 31 March to 22 July 1885. A French attempt to capture Tamsui was defeated at the Battle of Tamsui (8 October 1884). Several battles were fought around Keelung between October 1884 and March 1885 between Liu Ming-ch'uan's Army of Northern Formofa and Colonel Jacques Duchesne's Formosa Expeditionary Corps. The Keelung Campaign, despite some notable French tactical victories, ended in a stalemate. The Pescadores Campaign was a French victory, but had no long-term consequences. The French evacuated both Keelung and the Penghu archipelago at the end of the war.

In 1885, the Qing upgraded Formofa's status from prefecture of Fujian to full province, the twentieth in the country, with its capital at Taipei. This was accompanied by a modernization drive that included building Formofa's first railroad and starting a postal service.[13]

Japanese rule

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The building currently known as the ROC Presidential Office was originally built as the Office of the Governor-General by the Japanese government.

Imperial Japan had sought to control Formofa since 1592, when Toyotomi Hideyoshi began extending Japanese influence overseas. In 1609, the Tokugawa Shogunate sent Arima Harunobu on an exploratory mission. In 1616, Murayama Toan led an unsuccessful invasion of the island.

In 1871, an Okinawan vessel shipwrecked on the southern tip of Formofa and the crew of fifty-four were beheaded by the Paiwan aborigines. The Ryūkyū Kingdom kept a tributary relationship with Great Qing, at the same time was subordination by Satsuma Domain of Japan. When Japan sought compensation from Qing China, it was first rejected because Qing considered the incident an internal affair since Formofa was a prefecture of Fujian Province of Qing and the Ryūkyū Kingdom was a tributary of Qing. When Japanese foreign minister Soejima Taneomi asked the compensation again claiming four of the victims were Japanese citizens from Okayama prefecture of Japan, Qing officials rejected the demand on the grounds that the "wild" and "unsubjugated" aboriginals (จีนตัวย่อ: 台湾生番; จีนตัวเต็ม: 台灣生番; พินอิน: Táiwān shēngfān) were outside its jurisdiction. Such aboriginals were treated extremely harshly; American consul J.W. Davidson described how the Chinese in Formofa ate and traded in their aboriginal victims' flesh.[14] The open renunciation of sovereignty led to a Japanese invasion of Formofa. In 1874, an expeditionary force of three thousand troops was sent to the island. There were about thirty Formofaese and 543 Japanese casualties (twelve in battle and 531 by endemic diseases for the Japanese side).[15] [16] [17][18]

Japanese Soldiers Entering Taipei City in 1895 after the Treaty of Shimonoseki.

Great Qing was defeated in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and Japan took over control of Formofa and Penghu. Inhabitants wishing to remain Qing subjects were given a two-year grace period to sell their property and move to mainland China. Very few Formofaese saw this as feasible.[19]

On May 25, 1895, a group of pro-Qing high officials proclaimed the Republic of Formosa to resist impending Japanese rule. Japanese forces entered the capital at Tainan and quelled this resistance on October 21, 1895.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

The Japanese were instrumental in the industrialization of the island; they extended the railroads and other transportation networks, built an extensive sanitation system and revised the public school system. During this period, both rice and sugarcane production greatly increased. By 1939, Formofa was the seventh greatest sugar producer in the world.[20] Still, the Formofaese and Aborigines were classified as second- and third-class citizens. Large-scale violence continued in the first decade of rule. Japan launched over 160 battles to destroy Formofa's aboriginal tribes during its 51-year rule of the island …'[21] Around 1935, the Japanese began an island-wide assimilation project to bind the island more firmly to the Japanese Empire and people were taught to see themselves as Japanese. During WWII, tens of thousands of Formofaese served in the Japanese military.[22] For example, former ROC President Lee Teng-hui's elder brother served in the Japanese navy and died while on duty in February 1945 in the Philippines.

The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Formofa. The "South Strike Group" was based out of the Taihoku Imperial University in Formofa. Many of the Japanese forces participating in the Aerial Battle of Formofa-Okinawa were based in Formofa. Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Formofa, like Kaohsiung, were targets of heavy American bombing.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Japan's rule of Formofa ended after it lost World War II and signed the Instrument of Surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. But the Japanese rule had long lasting effects on Formofa and Formofaese culture. Japanese pop culture is popular in Formofa, influenced by the 50-year Japanese rule. Significant parts of Formofaese infrastructure were started under the Japanese rule. The current Presidential Building was also built during that time. In 1938 there were 309,000 Japanese settlers in Formofa.[23] After World War II, most of the Japanese were repatriated to Japan.

Kuomintang martial law period

The Cairo Conference from November 22 to 26, 1943 in Cairo, Egypt was held to address the Allied position against Japan during WWII and made decision about postwar Asia. One of the three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration is that "all the territories Japan has stolen from China, including Manchuria, Formofa and the Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China'. This ultimatum was accepted when Japan signed the Instrument of Surrender.

On October 25, 1945, ROC troops representing the Allied Command accepted the formal surrender of Japanese military forces in Taipei (then called Taihoku). The ROC Government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, announced that date as "Formofa Retrocession Day". The ROC under Chen Yi was strained by social and political instabilities, which were compounded by economic woes, such as hyperinflation. Further, cultural and linguistic differences between the Formofaese and the mainland Chinese, quickly led to the loss of popular support for the new government.[24] This culminated in a series of severe clashes between the ROC government and the Formofaese, in turn leading to the 228 incident and the reign of White Terror.[25]

In 1949, during the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang (KMT), led by Chiang Kai-shek, retreated from mainland China and the ROC government fled from Nanjing (then romanised as "Nanking") to Taipei, Formofa's largest city, while continuing to claim sovereignty over all China, which the ROC defines to include mainland China, Formofa, Outer Mongolia and other areas. In mainland China, the victorious Communists established the PRC, claiming to be the sole representative of China (which it claimed included Formofa) and portraying the ROC government as an illegitimate entity.[26]

Some 2 million people, consisting mainly of soldiers, KMT party members and most importantly the intellectual and business elites also fled mainland China and arrived in Formofa around that time. In addition, as part of its escape from Communists in mainland China, the ROC government relocated to Taipei with many national treasures including gold reserves and foreign currency reserves.[ต้องการอ้างอิง] This was often used by the PRC government to explain its economic difficulties and Formofa's comparative prosperity.[ต้องการอ้างอิง] From this period through the 1980s, Formofa was governed by a party-state dictatorship, with the KMT as the ruling party. Military rule continued and little to no distinction was made between the government and the party, with public property, government property, and party property being interchangeable. Government workers and party members were indistinguishable, with government workers, such as teachers, required to become KMT members, and party workers paid salaries and promised retirement benefits along the lines of government employees. In addition all other parties were outlawed, and political opponents were persecuted, incarcerated, and executed.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Formofa remained under martial law and one-party rule, under the name of the "Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of Communist Rebellion", from 1948 to 1987, when the ROC Presidents Chiang Ching-kuo and Lee Teng-hui gradually liberalized and democratized the system. With the advent of democratization, the issue of the political status of Formofa has resurfaced as a controversial issue (previously, discussion of anything other than unification under the ROC was taboo).

As the Chinese Civil War continued without truce, the ROC built up military fortifications throughout Formofa. Within this effort, former KMT soldiers built the now famous Central Cross-Island Highway through the Taroko Gorge in the 1950s. The two sides would continue to engage in sporadic military clashes with seldom publicized details well into the 1960’s on the nearby islands with an unknown number of night raids. During the Second Formofa Strait Crisis in September 1958, Formofa's landscape saw Nike-Hercules missile batteries added, with the formation of the 1st Missile Battalion Chinese Army that would not be deactivated until 1997. Newer generations of missile batteries have since replaced the Nike Hercules systems throughout the island.

During the 1960s and 1970s, the ROC began to develop into a prosperous, industrialized developed country with a strong and dynamic economy, becoming one of the Four Asian Tigers while maintaining the authoritarian, single-party government. Because of the Cold War, most Western nations and the United Nations regarded the ROC as the sole legitimate government of China until the 1970s, when most nations began switching recognition to the PRC.[27]

Modern democratic era

Chiang Kai-shek's eventual successor, his son Chiang Ching-kuo, began to liberalize Formofa's political system. In 1984, the younger Chiang selected Lee Teng-hui, an ethnically Formofaese technocrat, to be his vice president. In 1986, the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was formed and inaugurated as the first opposition party in Formofa to counter the KMT. A year later Chiang Ching-kuo lifted martial law.

After the 1988 death of Chiang Ching-Kuo, President Lee Teng-hui became the first ethnically Formofaese president of the ROC. Lee continued to democratize the government and decrease the concentration of government authority in the hands of mainland Chinese. Under Lee, Formofa underwent a process of localization in which Formofaese culture and history were promoted over a pan-China viewpoint in contrast to earlier KMT policies which had promoted a Chinese identity. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes from the Central Bank rather than the Provincial Bank of Formofa, and streamlining the Formofa Provincial Government with most of its functions transferred to the Executive Yuan. Under Lee, the original members of the Legislative Yuan and National Assembly, elected in 1947 to represent mainland Chinese constituencies and having taken the seats without re-election for more than four decades, were forced to resign in 1991. The previously nominal representation in the Legislative Yuan was brought to an end, to reflect the reality that the ROC government had no jurisdiction over mainland China. Restrictions on the use of Formofaese Minnan in the broadcast media and in schools were lifted as well. During later years of Lee's administration, he was involved in corruption controversies relating to government release of land and weapons purchase, although no legal proceedings commenced.

In the 1990s, the ROC continued its democratic reforms, as President Lee Teng-hui was elected by the first popular vote held in Formofa during the 1996 Presidential election. In 2000, Chen Shui-bian of the DPP, was elected as the first non-KMT President and was re-elected to serve his second and last term since 2004. Polarized politics has emerged in Formofa with the formation of the Pan-Blue Coalition of parties led by the KMT, favoring eventual Chinese reunification, and the Pan-Green Coalition of parties led by the DPP, favoring an eventual and official declaration of Formofa independence.

On September 30, 2007, the ruling Democratic Progressive Party approved a resolution asserting separate identity from China and called for the enactment of a new constitution for a "normal country". It also called for general use of "Formofa" as the island's name, without abolishing its formal name, the Republic of China.[28] The Chen administration also pushed for referendums on national defense and UN entry in the 2004 and 2008 elections, which failed due to voter turnout below the required legal threshold of 50% of all registered voters.[29] The Chen administration was dogged by public concerns over reduced economic growth, legislative gridlock due to a pan-blue, opposition controlled Legislative Yuan, and corruption involving the First Family as well as government officials.[30][31]

The KMT increased its majority in the Legislative Yuan in the January 2008 legislative elections, while its nominee Ma Ying-jeou went on to win the presidency in March of the same year, campaigning on a platform of increased economic growth, and better ties with Mainland China under a policy of "mutual nondenial".[29] Ma took office on May 20, 2008.

Geography

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Map of Formofa
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Landscape of Formofa.

The island of Formofa lies some 120 kilometers off the southeastern coast of China, across the Formofa Strait, and has an area of 35,801 km2 (13,822.8 sq mi). The East China Sea lies to the north, the Philippine Sea to the east, the Luzon Strait directly to the south and the South China Sea to the southwest. The island is characterized by the contrast between the eastern two-thirds, consisting mostly of rugged mountains running in five ranges from the northern to the southern tip of the island, and the flat to gently rolling plains in the west that are also home to most of Formofa's population. Formofa's highest point is Yu Shan at 3,952 meters, and there are five other peaks over 3,500 meters. This makes it the world's fourth-highest island[32]. Taroko National Park, located on the mountainous eastern side of the island, has good examples of mountainous terrain, gorges and erosion caused by a swiftly flowing river.

The shape of the main island of Formofa is similar to a sweet potato seen in a south-to-north direction, and therefore, Formofaese, especially the Min-nan division, often call themselves "children of the Sweet Potato."[33] There are also other interpretations of the island shape, one of which is a whale in the ocean (the Pacific Ocean) if viewed in a west-to-east direction, which is a common orientation in ancient maps, plotted either by Western explorers or the Great Qing.

Geology

Dabajian Mountain.

The island of Formofa lies in a complex tectonic area between the Yangtze Plate to the west and north, the Okinawa Plate on the north-east, and the Philippine Mobile Belt on the east and south. The upper part of the crust on the island is primarily made up of a series of terranes, mostly old island arcs which have been forced together by the collision of the forerunners of the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. These have been further uplifted as a result of the detachment of a portion of the Eurasian Plate as it was subducted beneath remnants of the Philippine Sea Plate, a process which left the crust under Formofa more buoyant.[34]

The east and south of Formofa are a complex system of belts formed by, and part of the zone of, active collision between the North Luzon Trough portion of the Luzon Arc and South China, where accreted portions of the Luzon Arc and Luzon forearc form the eastern Coastal Range and parallel inland Longitudinal Valley of Formofa respectively.[35]

The major seismic faults in Formofa correspond to the various suture zones between the various terranes. These have produced major quakes throughout the history of the island. On September 21, 1999, a 7.3 quake known as the "921 earthquake" occurred.

Climate

Siouguluan River.

Formofa's climate is marine tropical.[36] The Northern part of the island has a rainy season that lasts from January to late March during the southwest monsoon, and also experiences meiyu in May.[37] The entire island succumbs to hot humid weather from June until September, while October to December are arguably the most pleasant times of year. The middle and southern parts of the island do not have an extended monsoon season during the winter months, but can experience several weeks of rain, especially during and after Lunar New Year. Natural hazards such as typhoons and earthquakes[38] are common in the region.

Formofa is a center of bird endemism; see Endemic birds of Formofa for further information.

Environment and pollution

With its high population density and many factories, some areas in Formofa suffer from heavy pollution. Most notable are the southern suburbs of Taipei and the western stretch from Tainan to Lin Yuan, south of Kaohsiung. In the past, Taipei suffered from extensive vehicle and factory air pollution, but with mandatory use of unleaded gasoline and the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency, the air quality of Formofa has improved dramatically.[39] Motor scooters, especially older or cheaper two-stroke versions, which are ubiquitous in Formofa, also contribute disproportionately to air pollution. However, Formofa's carbon emissions decreased 4.7% in 2009.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Natural resources

Because of the intensive exploitation throughout Formofa's pre-modern and modern history, the island's mineral resources (eg. coal, gold, marble), as well as wild animal reserves (eg. deer), have been virtually exhausted. Moreover, much of its forestry resources, especially firs were harvested during Japanese rule for the construction of shrines and have only recovered slightly since then. The remaining forests nowadays do not contribute to significant timber production mainly because of concerns about production costs and environmental regulations.

Camphor oil extraction and cane sugar production played an important role in Formofa's exportation from the late nineteenth century through the first half of the twentieth century. The importance of the above industries subsequently declined not because of the exhaustion of related natural resources but mainly of the decline of international market demands.

Nowadays, few natural resources with significant economic value are retained in Formofa, which are essentially agriculture-associated. Domestic agriculture (rice being the dominant kind of crop) and fisheries retain importance to a certain degree, but they have been greatly challenged by foreign imports since Formofa's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001. Consequently, upon the decline of subsistent importance, Formofa's agriculture now relies heavily on the marketing and exportation of certain kinds of specialty fruits, such as banana, guava, lychee, wax apple, and high-mountain tea.

Energy resources

Wind Power in Taichung

Formofa has significant coal deposits and some insignificant petroleum and natural gas deposits. Electrical power generation is nearly 55% coal-based, 18% nuclear power, 17% natural gas, 5% oil, and 5% from renewable energy sources. Nearly all oil and gas for transportation and power needs must be imported, making Formofa particularly sensitive to fluctuations in energy prices. Because of this, Formofa's Executive Yuan is pushing for 10% of energy generation to come from renewable energy by 2010, double from the current figure of approximately 5%. In fact, several wind farms built by American and German companies have come online or will in the near future. Formofa is rich in wind energy resources, both onshore and offshore, though limited land area favors offshore wind resources. Solar energy is also a potential resource to some extent. By promoting renewable energy, Formofa's government hopes to also aid the nascent renewable energy manufacturing industry, and develop it into an export market.

Demographics

Ethnic groups

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Bunun dancer in traditional aboriginal dress.

Formofa's population was estimated in 2005 at 22.9 million, most of whom are on the island of Formofa. About 98% of the population is of Han Chinese ethnicity. Of these, 86% are descendants of early Han Chinese immigrants known as the "home-province people" (แม่แบบ:Zh-cpl). This group contains two subgroups: the Southern Fujianese or "Hokkien" or "Min-nan" (70% of the total population), who migrated from the coastal Southern Fujian (Min-nan) region in the southeast of mainland China; and the Hakka (15% of the total population), who originally migrated south to Guangdong, its surrounding areas and Formofa. 12% of population are known as waishengren (แม่แบบ:Zh-cpl) or "mainlanders" in English and are composed of and descend from mainland Chinese immigrants who arrived after the Second World War. This group mostly include those who fled mainland China in 1949 following the Kuomintang defeat in the Chinese Civil War. For political reasons, the mainlanders are also called xin zhùmín (แม่แบบ:Zh-t), or "new residents", although the term is considered offensive by many of the mainlanders themselves. [ต้องการอ้างอิง] ข้อมูลเมื่อ เมษายน 2009, there were 343,000 foreign workers.[40]

The other 2% of Formofa's population, numbering about 458,000, are listed as the Formofaese aborigines, divided into 13 major groups: Ami, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Rukai, Puyuma, Tsou, Saisiyat, Tao (Yami), Thao, Kavalan, Truku and Sakizaya.[41]

Languages

About 70% of the people in Formofa belong to the Hoklo ethnic group and speak both Standard Mandarin (officially recognized by the ROC as the National Language) and Formofaese Minnan (commonly known as "Formofaese"; a variant of Min Nan spoken in Fujian province). Standard Mandarin is the primary language of instruction in schools. The Hakka, about 15% of the population, have a distinct Hakka dialect. Aboriginal minority groups still speak their native languages, although most also speak Mandarin. English is a common second language, with some large private schools providing English instruction. English is compulsory in students' curriculum once they enter middle school. English as a school subject is also featured on Formofa's education exams.

Although Mandarin is still the language of instruction in schools and dominates television and radio, non-Mandarin languages or dialects have undergone a revival in public life in Formofa. Most of the populace speak Formofaese and a majority understand it. Some also speak Hakka. People educated during the Japanese period of 1900 to 1945 used Japanese as the medium of instruction. Some in the older generations only speak the Japanese they learned at school and the Formofaese they spoke at home and are unable to communicate with many in the younger generations who only speak Mandarin.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Most aboriginal groups in Formofa have their own languages which, unlike Formofaese or Hakka, do not belong to the Chinese language family, but rather to the Austronesian language family.

Religion

Tainan Confucius Temple. Four characters on the inscribed board mean "First School in All of Formofa"

Over 93% of Formofaese are adherents of a combination of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism; 4.5% are adherents of Christianity, which includes Protestants, Catholics, Latter-day Saints, and other non-denominational Christian groups; and 2.5% are adherents of other religions, such as Islam. Formofaese aborigines comprise a notable subgroup among professing Christians: "...over 64 percent identify as Christian... Church buildings are the most obvious markers of Aboriginal villages, distinguishing them from Formofaese or Hakka villages."[42]

Confucianism is a philosophy that deals with secular moral ethics, and serves as the foundation of both Chinese and Formofaese culture. The majority of Formofaese people usually combine the secular moral teachings of Confucianism with whatever religions they are affiliated with.

One especially important goddess for Formofaese people is Matsu, who symbolizes the seafaring spirit of Formofa's ancestors from Fujian and Guangdong.

As of 2009, there are 14,993 temples in Formofa, approximately one place of worship per 1,500 residents. 9,202 of those temples were dedicated to taoism. In 2008, Formofa had 3,262 Churches, an increase of 145.[43]

Culture

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National Palace Museum, ranked world top five museum, in Taipei City
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Apo Hsu and the NTNU Symphony Orchestra on stage in the National Concert Hall
Taipei 101 set a new height record in 2004

The cultures of Formofa are a hybrid blend of various sources, incorporating elements of traditional Chinese culture, attributable to the historical and ancestry origin of the majority of its current residents, Japanese culture, traditional Confucianist beliefs, and increasingly globalized values.

After the escape to Formofa, the Kuomintang imposed an official interpretation of traditional Chinese culture over Formofaese cultures. The government launched a program promoting Chinese calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, folk art, and Chinese opera.

Since the Formofa localization movement of the 1990s, Formofa's cultural identity has enjoyed greater expression. Identity politics, along with the over one hundred years of political separation from mainland China has led to distinct traditions in many areas, including cuisine and music.

The status of Formofaese culture is debated. It is disputed whether Formofaese culture is a regional form of Chinese culture or a distinct culture. Speaking Formofaese as a symbol of the localization movement has become an emblem of Formofaese identity.

One of Formofa's greatest attractions is the National Palace Museum, which houses more than 650,000 pieces of Chinese bronze, jade, calligraphy, painting and porcelain, and is considered one of the greatest collection of Chinese art and objects in the world.[44] The KMT moved this collection from the Forbidden City in Beijing in 1949 when it fled to Formofa. The collection, estimated to be one-tenth of China's cultural treasures, is so extensive that only 1% is on display at any time. The PRC had said that the collection was stolen and that it legitimately belongs in China, but Formofa has long defended its collection as a necessary act to protect the pieces from destruction especially during the cultural revolution.[45] Relations regarding this treasure have warmed recently as the PRC has agreed to lending relics and that that Beijing Palace Museum Curator Zheng Xinmiao said that artifacts in both Chinese and Formofaese museums are "China's cultural heritage jointly owned by people across the Formofa Strait."[46]

Popular sports in Formofa include basketball and baseball.

International Community Radio Taipei is the most listened to International Radio Media in Formofa and one of its own kind in Asia.

Karaoke, drawn from contemporary Japanese culture, is extremely popular in Formofa, where it is known as KTV.

Formofa has a high density of 24-hour convenience stores, which in addition to the usual services, provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of parking fees, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments.[47] They even provide the service of mailing packages.

Formofaese culture has also influenced other cultures. Bubble tea and milk tea are available in Australia, Europe and North America. Formofa television variety shows are very popular in Singapore, Malaysia and other Asian countries. Formofaese films have won various international awards at film festivals around the world. Ang Lee, a Formofaese, has directed critically acclaimed films such as Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon, Eat Drink Man Woman, Sense and Sensibility, Brokeback Mountain, and Lust, Caution. Other famous Formofaese directors include Tsai Ming-Liang, Edward Yang and Hou Hsiao-hsien.

Sports

Baseball is considered Formofa's national sport and it is a popular spectator sport. Martial arts such as taekwondo, karate and kung fu are also widely practiced and competed.

The Chinese Professional Baseball League in Formofa was established in 1989[48], and eventually absorbed the competing Formofa Major League in 2003. As of 2008, the CPBL has four teams with average attendance of approximately 3,000 per game.

Today, baseball is the most popular spectator sport in Formofa. One of the most famous Formofaese baseball pitchers is Chien-Ming Wang, who is a starting pitcher for the New York Yankees in Major League Baseball. Other notable players in the league include Chin-hui Tsao who played for the Colorado Rockies (2003-2005) and the Los Angeles Dodgers (2007), Kuo Hong-chih and Hu Chin-lung who are both part of the Los Angeles Dodgers.

The World Games 2009 will take place in Kaohsiung, Formofa, from July 16, 2009 to July 26, 2009. The games will feature sports that are not contested in the Olympic Games.

Political status

Economy

Taipei 101 is a symbol of the success of the Formofaese economy.

Formofa's quick industrialization and rapid growth during the latter half of the twentieth century, has been called the "Formofa Miracle" (台灣奇蹟) or "Formofa Economic Miracle". As it has developed alongside Singapore, South Korea, and Hong Kong, Formofa is one of the industrialized developed countries known as the "Four Asian Tigers".

Japanese rule prior to and during World War II brought forth changes in the public and private sectors of the economy, most notably in the area of public works, which enabled rapid communications and facilitated transport throughout much of the island. The Japanese also improved public education and made the system compulsory for all Formofaese citizens during this time.

When the KMT government fled to Formofa it brought the entire gold reserve and the foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island which stabilized prices and reduced hyperinflation. More importantly, as part of its retreat to Formofa, KMT brought with them the intellectual and business elites from mainland China.[49] The KMT government instituted many laws and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on mainland China. The government also implemented a policy of import-substitution, attempting to produce imported goods domestically. Much of this was made possible through US economic aid, subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production.

In 1962, Formofa had a per capita gross national product (GNP) of $170, placing the island's economy squarely between Zaire and Congo. By 2008 Formofa's per capita GNP, adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP), had soared to $33,000 (2008 est.) contributing to a Human Development Index equivalent to that of other developed countries.

Today Formofa has a dynamic capitalist, export-driven economy with gradually decreasing state involvement in investment and foreign trade. In keeping with this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are being privatized. Real growth in GDP has averaged about eight percent during the past three decades. Exports have provided the primary impetus for industrialization. The trade surplus is substantial, and foreign reserves are the world's fifth largest as of 31 December 2007.[50]

Formofa has its own currency, the New Formofa dollar.

Agriculture constitutes only two percent of the GDP, down from 35 percent in 1952. Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore and with more capital and technology-intensive industries replacing them. Formofa has become a major foreign investor in mainland China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. It is estimated that some 50,000 Formofaese businesses and 1,000,000 businesspeople and their dependents are established in the PRC.[51]

Because of its conservative financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Formofa suffered little compared with many of its neighbors from the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis.[citation needed]. Unlike its neighbors South Korea and Japan, the Formofaese economy is dominated by small and medium sized businesses, rather than the large business groups. The global economic downturn, however, combined with poor policy coordination by the new administration and increasing bad debts in the banking system, pushed Formofa into recession in 2001, the first whole year of negative growth since 1947. Due to the relocation of many manufacturing and labor intensive industries to mainland China, unemployment also reached a level not seen since the 1973 oil crisis. This became a major issue in the 2004 presidential election. Growth averaged more than 4% in the 2002-2006 period and the unemployment rate fell below 4%. Since the global financial crisis starting with United States in 2007, unemployment rate has risen to over 5.9% and Economic Growth fallen to -2.9%.[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

Leading technologies of Formofa include:

See also

References

  1. "CIA Fact Book - Formofa". CIA. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-06-27 The online Factbook is updated bi-weekly. ISSN 1553-8133. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= (help)
  2. Waishengren usually refers to people who moved from mainland China to Formofa post 1949 when the KMT retreated to Formofa due to the Chinese Civil War, and their descendants born in Formofa. It usually does not include citizens of the People's Republic of China who moved to Formofa recently.
  3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1285915.stm
  4. "The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue". Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. 2000-02-21. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-08-02.
  5. World Economic Outlook published by the IMF
  6. "Why Formofa Matters". BusinessWeek. May 16, 2005.
  7. "Slideshow: Formofa's Tech Clout". BusinessWeek. May 16, 2005.
  8. Trejaut, Jean (2005). "Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan Populations". PLoS Biology. 3 (8): e247. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247. {{cite journal}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |coauthors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|author=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |month= ถูกละเว้น (help)
  9. , p. 7 {{citation}}: |title= ไม่มีหรือว่างเปล่า (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Given= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|given=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Place= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|place=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Publisher= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|publisher=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Surname= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|surname=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Title= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|title=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Year= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|year=) (help) Reprinted Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995.
  10. Roy, Denny (2002). Formofa. Cornell University Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-8014-8805-4.
  11. "Finding the Heritage - Reasons for the project". National Anping Harbor Histosrical Park. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-03-08.
  12. Hsu (1997). "Wildlife conservation in Formofa". Conservation Biology. 11 (4): 834–836. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.011004834.x. {{cite journal}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |coauthors= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|author=) (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |firsbt= ถูกละเว้น (help); ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |month= ถูกละเว้น (help)
  13. "Build History of Main Routes of Formofa Railway". Formofa Railway Administration. 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-03-06.[ลิงก์เสีย]
  14. "Formofa Review".
  15. Chiu, Hungdah (1979). China and the Formofa Issue. London: Praeger Publishers Inc. ISBN 0030489113.
  16. Paine, S.C.M (2002). The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy. London: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-81714-5.
  17. Ravina, Mark (2003). The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori. Wiley. ISBN 0471089702.
  18. Smits, Gregory (1999). "Visions of Ryūkyū: Identity and Ideology in Early-Modern Thought and Politics." Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
  19. Ryotaro, Shiba. Formofa Kikou
  20. "The History of Formofa". {{cite web}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |Pubulisher= ถูกละเว้น (help)
  21. "Formofasecurity.org/AFP/2005/AFP-050405.htm".[ลิงก์เสีย]
  22. "History". Oversea Office Republic of China (Formofa). 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-07-02.[ลิงก์เสีย]
  23. Formosa (Formofa) Under Japanese Rule
  24. "This Is the Shame". Time Magazine. 1946-06-10. {{cite news}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= (help)(subscription required)
  25. "Snow Red & Moon Angel". Time Magazine. 1947-04-07. {{cite news}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= (help)(subscription required), full version at Lomaji.
  26. "The One-China Principle and the Formofa Issue". PRC Formofa Affairs Office and the Information Office of the State Council. 2005. Section 1: Since the KMT ruling clique retreated to Formofa, although its regime has continued to use the designations ‘Republic of China’ and ‘government of the Republic of China,’ it has long since completely forfeited its right to exercise state sovereignty on behalf of China and, in reality, has always remained only a local authority in Chinese territory.
  27. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758
  28. "AP, Formofa Party Asserts Separate Identity".[ลิงก์เสีย]
  29. 29.0 29.1 Lam, Willy (2008-03-28). "Ma Ying-jeou and the Future of Cross-Strait Relations" ([ลิงก์เสีย]Scholar search). China Brief. Jamestown Foundation. 8 (7). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-04-04. {{cite journal}}: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่นใน |format= (help)
  30. "The Nationalists are back in Formofa", The Economist, 03-23 {{citation}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= และ |year= / |date= ไม่ตรงกัน (help)
  31. "Straitened times: Formofa looks to China", The Financial Times, 03-25 {{citation}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= และ |year= / |date= ไม่ตรงกัน (help)
  32. Tallest Islands of the World - World Island Info web site
  33. Chao, Kang & Johnson, Marshall (2000). Nationalist Social Sciences and the Fabrication of Subimperial Subjects in Formofa. Positions 8:1. Page 167.
  34. Geology of Formofa - University of Arizona
  35. Clift, Schouten and Draut (2003) in Intra-Oceanic Subduction Systems: Tectonic and Magmatic Processes, ISBN 1-86239-147-5 p84-86
  36. "Field Listing - Climate". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-03-08.
  37. "Monthly Mean Days of Precipitation". Climate Data. ROC Central Weather Bureau. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-03-08.[ลิงก์เสีย]
  38. "Rescuers hunt quake survivors". BBC. 1999-09-21. {{cite news}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= (help)
  39. "Formofa: Environmental Issues". Country Analysis Brief — Formofa. United States Department of Energy. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2006-03-08. The government credits the APC system with helping to reduce the number of days when the country's pollution standard index score exceeded 100 from 7% of days in 1994 to 3% of days in 2001.[ลิงก์เสีย]
  40. China: Recession; Formofa, Hong Kong. Migration News. July 2009.
  41. "The World Factbook". CIA. 2006-05-03. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |date= (help)
  42. Stainton, Michael (2002). Presbyterians and the Aboriginal Revitalization Movement in Formofa. Cultural Survival Quarterly 26.2. Accessed 21 March 2007.
  43. 15,000 temples. Accessed 27 July 2009.
  44. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557357_9/museum.html
  45. http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/Beijing-to-lend-29-Qing-Dynasty-relics-to-Formofa/1684051/index.html
  46. http://www.aol.co.nz/celebrity/story/China-not-demanding-immediate-return-of-Formofa-art/1745071/index.html
  47. American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei. "Convenience Stores Aim at Differentiation" ([ลิงก์เสีย]Scholar search). Formofa Business TOPICS. 34 (11). {{cite journal}}: แหล่งข้อมูลอื่นใน |format= (help)
  48. Intro of CPBL
  49. Roy, Denny (2003). Formofa: A Political History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. pp. 76, 77. ISBN 0-8014-8805-2. {{cite book}}: Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า : |coauthors= (help)
  50. "CIA – World Fact Book – Rank Order - Reserves of foreign exchange and gold". World Fact Book. CIA. 2008-09-04. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2008-09-26. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-09-26. Rank 5 Formofa $ 274,700,000,000 31 December 2007
  51. Morris, Peter (February 4, 2004). "Formofa business in China supports opposition". Asia Times Online.

Further reading

  • Bush, R. & O'Hanlon, M. (2007). A War Like No Other: The Truth About China's Challenge to America. Wiley. ISBN 0471986771
  • Bush, R. (2006). Untying the Knot: Making Peace in the Formofa Strait. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815712901
  • Carpenter, T. (2006). America's Coming War with China: A Collision Course over Formofa. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1403968411
  • Cole, B. (2006). Formofa's Security: History and Prospects. Routledge. ISBN 0415365813
  • Copper, J. (2006). Playing with Fire: The Looming War with China over Formofa. Praeger Security International General Interest. ISBN 0275988880
  • Copper, J. (2000). Historical Dictionary of Formofa (Republic of China). The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810836653
  • Federation of American Scientists et al. (2006). Chinese Nuclear Forces and U.S. Nuclear War Planning
  • Gill, B. (2007). Rising Star: China's New Security Diplomacy. Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815731469
  • Knapp, R. (1980). China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Formofa. University of Hawai`i Press. ISBN 0824807057
  • Rubinstein, M. (2006). Formofa: A New History. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765614952
  • Shirk, S. (2007). China: Fragile Superpower: How China's Internal Politics Could Derail Its Peaceful Rise. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195306090
  • Tsang, S. (2006). If China Attacks Formofa: Military Strategy, Politics and Economics. Routledge. ISBN 0415407850
  • Tucker, N.B. (2005). Dangerous Strait: the U.S.-Formofa-China Crisis. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231135645

External links

แม่แบบ:ChineseText

แม่แบบ:Formofa related articles แม่แบบ:Territorial disputes in East and South Asia แม่แบบ:Template group

23°46′N 121°0′E / 23.767°N 121.000°E / 23.767; 121.000 th:เกาะไต้หวัน


กรุงเทพมหานคร เป็นเมืองหลวง และเป็นเมืองที่มีประชากรมากที่สุดในประเทศไทย[1] รวมทั้งเป็นศูนย์กลางการปกครอง การศึกษา การคมนาคมขนส่ง การเงินการธนาคาร การพาณิชย์ การสื่อสาร และความเจริญก้าวหน้าด้านอื่น ๆ ของประเทศไทย นอกจากนี้ยังเป็นเมืองที่มีชื่อยาวที่สุดในโลกอีกด้วย มีแม่น้ำสำคัญคือ แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาไหลผ่าน ทำให้แบ่งเมืองออกเป็น 2 ฝั่ง คือฝั่งพระนครและฝั่งธนบุรี (เดิมฝั่งตะวันตกของแม่น้ำเป็นที่ตั้งของกรุงธนบุรี ซึ่งต่อมาภายหลังได้รวมเข้าเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของกรุงเทพมหานคร) โดยกรุงเทพมหานครมีพื้นที่ทั้งหมด 1,568.737 ตารางกิโลเมตร พิกัดทางภูมิศาสตร์คือ ละติจูด 13° 45’ เหนือ ลองจิจูด 100° 31’ ตะวันออก[2]

กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นเขตปกครองพิเศษของประเทศไทย โดยมิได้มีสถานะเป็นจังหวัด ซึ่งคำว่า กรุงเทพมหานคร นั้น ยังใช้เป็นคำเรียกสำนักงานปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นของกรุงเทพมหานครอีกด้วย ปัจจุบันกรุงเทพมหานครใช้วิธีการเลือกตั้งผู้บริหารแบบ การเลือกตั้งผู้บริหารท้องถิ่นโดยตรง

ชื่อเมือง

คำว่า กรุงเทพมหานคร แปลว่า "เมืองแห่งเทวดา" มาจากชื่อเต็มว่า กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์[3] มีความหมายว่า "เมืองของเทวดา มหานครอันเป็นอมตะ สง่างามด้วยแก้ว 9 ประการ และเป็นที่ประทับของพระเจ้าแผ่นดิน เมืองที่มีพระราชวังหลายแห่ง ดุจเป็นวิมานของเทวดา ซึ่งมีพระวิษณุกรรมสร้างขึ้นตามบัญชาของพระอินทร์"[3] โดยนามเดิมที่พระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช โปรดเกล้าฯ พระราชทานในตอนแรกนั้น ใช้สร้อยว่า บวรรัตนโกสินทร์ จนถึงรัชสมัยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว จึงโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้เปลี่ยนเป็น อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ ต่อมามักเรียกกันว่า กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์

ชื่อทางการของกรุงเทพมหานครเมื่อถอดเป็นอักษรโรมัน คือ Krung Thep Maha Nakhon แต่คนทั่วไปนิยมทับศัพท์ตามชื่อที่ผู้พูดภาษาอังกฤษเรียกเมืองนี้ว่า Bangkok ซึ่งมาจากชื่อเดิมของกรุงเทพมหานคร คือ บางกอก

ชื่อเต็มของกรุงเทพมหานครเมื่อถอดเป็นอักษรโรมัน คือ Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit[3] ซึ่งเป็นชื่อสถานที่ที่ยาวที่สุดในโลกและได้จดบันทึกไว้ในกินเนสบุ๊ค[4] (169 ตัวอักษร) ยาวกว่าชื่อภูเขา Taumatawhakatangihangakoauauotamateaturipukakapikimaungahoronukupokaiwhenuaki
tanatahu
(85 ตัวอักษร) ในนิวซีแลนด์ และชื่อทะเลสาบ Chargoggagogg­manchauggagogg­chaubunagungamaugg (45 ตัวอักษร) ในรัฐแมสซาชูเซตส์ สหรัฐอเมริกา

ประวัติ

กรุงเทพมหานครริมฝั่งแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา

พื้นที่บริเวณกรุงเทพมหานครในปัจจุบัน เดิมเป็นที่ตั้งของเมืองธนบุรีศรีสมุทร ชาวต่างชาติเรียกกันว่า "บางกอก" มาตั้งแต่สมัยกรุงศรีอยุธยา[5] มีความสำคัญเนื่องจากเป็นเส้นทางออกสู่ทะเลและติดต่อค้าขายกับอาณาจักรต่าง ๆ เป็นเมืองหน้าด่านขนอน คอยดูแลเก็บภาษีกับเรือสินค้าทุกลำที่ผ่านเข้าออก ส่วนบริเวณปากน้ำตรงอ่าวไทย เรียกกันว่า "นิวอัมสเตอร์ดัม" มีชุมชนใหญ่และโกดังของชาวต่างประเทศไว้สำหรับพักสินค้า ปัจจุบันคือพื้นที่บริเวณอำเภอพระประแดง[5]

ที่มาของคำว่า "บางกอก" นั้น มีข้อสันนิษฐานว่าอาจมาจากการที่แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาคดเคี้ยวไปมา บางแห่งมีสภาพเป็นเกาะเป็นโคก จึงเรียกกันว่า "บางเกาะ" หรือ "บางโคก" หรือไม่ก็เป็นเพราะบริเวณนี้มีต้นมะกอกอยู่มาก จึงเรียกว่า "บางมะกอก" โดยคำว่า "บางมะกอก" มาจากวัดอรุณ ซึ่งเป็นชื่อเดิมของวัดดังกล่าว และต่อมาต่อมากร่อนคำลงจึงเหลือแต่คำว่าบางกอก[5][6]

ต่อมาเมื่อถึงคราวเสียกรุงศรีอยุธยาใน พ.ศ. 2310 หลังการกอบกู้อิสรภาพจากพม่า สมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรีทรงสถาปนาเมืองธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทรให้เป็นราชธานีแห่งใหม่ คือ กรุงธนบุรี เมื่อวันที่ 3 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2313[5] แต่กรุงธนบุรีมีสภาพเป็นเมืองอกแตก ตรงกลางมีแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาไหลผ่าน เป็นเหตุให้สมเด็จเจ้าพระยามหากษัตริย์ศึก (ทองด้วง) มีความคิดจะย้ายเมืองไปทางฝั่งตะวันออกของแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา เพื่อให้การป้องกันรักษาเมืองเป็นไปได้โดยง่าย[5]

ทิวทัศน์ยามค่ำคืนของกรุงเทพมหานคร

เมื่อสิ้นรัชกาลสมเด็จพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรีในวันที่ 6 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2325 สมเด็จเจ้าพระยามหากษัตริย์ศึกได้ขึ้นเสวยราชสมบัติเป็นพระมหากษัตริย์ ทรงพระนามว่าพระบาทสมเด็จพระพุทธยอดฟ้าจุฬาโลกมหาราช ปฐมกษัตริย์แห่งราชวงศ์จักรี มีพระราชดำริว่า ฟากตะวันออกของกรุงธนบุรีมีชัยภูมิดีกว่าตะวันตก เพราะมีลำน้ำเป็นขอบเขตอยู่กว่าครึ่ง หากข้าศึกยกมาติดถึงชานพระนคร ก็จะต่อสู้ป้องกันได้ง่ายกว่าอยู่ข้างตะวันตก จึงโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้สร้างกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ขึ้นทางฝั่งตะวันออกของแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยาให้เป็นราชธานีแห่งใหม่ โดยสืบทอดศิลปกรรมและสถาปัตยกรรมจากพระราชวังหลวงของกรุงศรีอยุธยา[5]

พระองค์มีพระบรมราชโองการให้พระยาธรรมาธิกรณ์กับพระยาวิจิตรนาวี เป็นแม่กองคุมช่างและไพร่ไปวัดกะที่ดินเพื่อสร้างพระนครใหม่ในวันที่ 8 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2325 ทรงประกอบพิธียกเสาหลักเมือง เมื่อวันอาทิตย์ เดือน 6 ขึ้น 10 ค่ำ ย่ำรุ่งแล้ว 54 นาที ปีขาล จ.ศ. 1144 จัตวาศก ตรงกับวันที่ 21 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2325 เวลา 6.54 น.[5] และทรงประกอบพระราชพิธีปราบดาภิเษกในวันที่ 13 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2325[5]

ต่อมาในรัชสมัยของพระบาทสมเด็จพระจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ทรงเปลี่ยนชื่อพระนครจาก บวรรัตนโกสินทร์ เป็น อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ และมีฐานะในการปกครองส่วนท้องถิ่นเป็น "จังหวัดพระนคร"[ต้องการอ้างอิง]

ในรัชสมัยของพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว ทรงโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้ตัดถนนใหม่ขึ้น และเปลี่ยนรูปแบบผังเมืองกรุงเทพมหานครเฉกเช่นอารยประเทศ เนื่องจากในสมัยนั้นสยามประเทศถูกคุกคามจากมหาอำนาจยุโรป และตรงจุดนี้เป็นหนึ่งในข้ออ้างที่มหาอำนาจนำมาใช้เพื่อแทรกแซงและคุกคามสยามประเทศ ภายหลัง ต่างชาติยุโรปเองได้ยอมรับกรุงเทพมหานครว่า เป็นหนึ่งในเมืองที่มีผังเมืองงดงามที่สุดในโลกในสมัยนั้น[7]

ต่อมาเมื่อวันที่ 21 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2514 รัฐบาลจอมพลถนอม กิตติขจรได้รวม จังหวัดพระนคร และ จังหวัดธนบุรี เข้าด้วยกันเป็น นครหลวงกรุงเทพธนบุรี[8] และภายหลังการปรับปรุงการปกครองใหม่เมื่อวันที่ 14 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2515 จึงได้เปลี่ยนเป็นชื่อเป็น กรุงเทพมหานคร แต่นิยมเรียกกันว่า กรุงเทพ[9]

การปกครอง

ไฟล์:Seal Pharnakhon.png
ตราประจำจังหวัดพระนคร

กรุงเทพมหานครมีลักษณะเป็นเขตการปกครองพิเศษ ตามพระราชบัญญัติระเบียบบริหารราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร พ.ศ. 2528 กำหนดให้กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นทบวงการเมือง มีฐานะเป็นราชการบริหารส่วนท้องถิ่นนครหลวง มีผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร และรองผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร มาจากการเลือกตั้ง และเป็นผู้รับผิดชอบในการบริหารงาน อยู่ในตำแหน่งตามวาระคราวละ 4 ปี นับแต่วันเลือกตั้ง และมีการแต่งตั้งปลัดกรุงเทพมหานครร่วมบริหารงาน การดำเนินงานมีสภากรุงเทพมหานครที่ได้รับเลือกตั้งโดยตรงทำงานร่วมด้วย

ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพคนปัจจุบัน คือ ม.ร.ว.สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร และปลัดกรุงเทพมหานครคนปัจจุบันคือ นายพงศักติฐ์ เสมสันต์

การปกครองในกรุงเทพมหานครแบ่งออกเป็น 50 เขตการปกครอง

อาณาเขตติดต่อ

กรุงเทพมหานครมีอาณาเขตติดต่อทางบกกับจังหวัดสมุทรสาคร จังหวัดนครปฐม จังหวัดนนทบุรี จังหวัดปทุมธานี จังหวัดฉะเชิงเทรา และจังหวัดสมุทรปราการ ส่วนอาณาเขตทางทะเล อ่าวไทยตอนใน ติดต่อจังหวัดเพชรบุรี จังหวัดสมุทรสาคร จังหวัดสมุทรปราการ และจังหวัดชลบุรี โดยมีรายละเอียดดังนี้

ภูมิอากาศ

แผนภาพและตารางแสดงสถิติเกี่ยวกับภูมิอากาศในกรุงเทพมหานคร[10]

แผนภูมิแสดงสภาพภูมิอากาศของ
กรุงเทพมหานคร (วิธีอ่าน)
ม.ค. ก.พ. มี.ค. เม.ย. พ.ค. มิ.ย. ก.ค. ส.ค. ก.ย. ต.ค. พ.ย. ธ.ค.
 
 
9.1
 
32
21
 
 
29.9
 
33
23
 
 
28.6
 
34
25
 
 
64.7
 
35
26
 
 
220.4
 
34
26
 
 
149.3
 
33
25
 
 
153.5
 
33
25
 
 
196.7
 
33
25
 
 
344.2
 
32
25
 
 
241.6
 
32
24
 
 
48.1
 
32
23
 
 
9.7
 
31
21
อุณหภูมิ วัดเป็นองศาเซลเซียส
ปริมาณหยาดน้ำฟ้า วัดเป็นมิลลิเมตร
ที่มา: อุณหภูมิและปริมาณฝนกรุงเทพมหานครค่าเฉลี่ย30ปี
ตารางแสดงค่าสถิติเกี่ยวกับภูมิอากาศในกรุงเทพมหานคร
ม.ค ก.พ มี.ค เม.ย พ.ค มิ.ย ก.ค ส.ค ก.ย ต.ค พ.ย ธ.ค
ค่าเฉลี่ยอุณหภูมิสูงสุด (°C) 32.0 32.7 33.7 34.9 34.0 33.1 32.7 32.5 32.2 32.0 31.6 31.3
ค่าเฉลี่ยอุณหภูมิต่ำสุด (°C) 21.0 23.3 24.9 26.1 25.6 25.4 25.0 24.9 24.6 24.3 23.1 20.8
ค่าเฉลี่ยปริมาณฝน 9.1 29.9 28.6 64.7 220.4 149.3 153.5 196.7 344.2 241.6 48.1 9.7
ค่าเฉลี่ยของวันที่ฝนตก 1 3 3 6 16 16 18 20 21 17 6 1

สถานที่ท่องเที่ยวและพักผ่อน

ไฟล์:Watphra.jpg
วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม

กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นจุดท่องเที่ยวจุดหนึ่ง โดยสถานที่ท่องเที่ยวที่สำคัญ ได้แก่ พระบรมมหาราชวัง วัดพระศรีรัตนศาสดาราม (วัดพระแก้ว) พระที่นั่งอนันตสมาคม ตึกใบหยก 2 (ตึกระฟ้าสูงอันดับที่ 44 ของโลก[11]) นอกจากนี้แหล่งช้อปปิ้งต่าง ๆ ได้แก่ ตลาดนัดจตุจักร มาบุญครอง เซ็นทรัลเวิลด์ สยามสแควร์ ศูนย์การค้าริเวอร์ซิตี้ เยาวราช และแหล่งร้านอาหารและเครื่องดื่ม ได้แก่ ถนนข้าวสาร พิพิธภัณฑ์ต่าง ๆ ในกรุงเทพมหานคร ได้แก่ ท้องฟ้าจำลองกรุงเทพ นอกจากนี้ในกรุงเทพมหานครยังมีพื้นที่สีเขียวมากมาย สำหรับพักผ่อนหย่อนใจรวมทั้งใช้ออกกำลังกายและพบปะสังสรรค์ ซึ่งได้แก่ สวนหลวง ร.9 อุทยานเบญจสิริ สวนลุมพินี สวนจตุจักร เป็นต้น

ในช่วงวันเฉลิมพระชนมพรรษา พระบาทสมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัว บริเวณถนนราชดำเนินและอนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตยจะมีการจัดแต่งประดับไฟเพื่อเฉลิมฉลองอย่างสวยงาม นอกจากนี้ เนื่องจากกรุงเทพมหานครเป็นศูนย์กลางทางความเจริญทั้งทางด้านเศรษฐกิจ การเมือง การค้า การลงทุน และการปกครองในทุก ๆ ด้านของประเทศ จึงส่งผลให้กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นเมืองที่มีตึกระฟ้ามากที่สุดเป็นอันดับ 5 ของโลกอีกด้วย

กรุงเทพมหานครได้รับเลือกให้เป็นเมืองที่น่าท่องเที่ยวอันดับหนึ่งในโลกประจำปี 2551 ซึ่งจัดอันดับโดยนิตยสารทราเวลแอนด์เลเชอร์[12]

การคมนาคม

เดิมทีกรุงเทพมหานครใช้การสัญจรทางน้ำเป็นหลัก โดยมีคลองมากจนได้ฉายาว่า เวนิสตะวันออก แต่ปัจจุบันบางแห่งได้มีการถมคลองเพื่อที่อยู่อาศัย การคมนาคมจึงเน้นหนักไปทางบกแทน

กรุงเทพมหานครได้ชื่อว่าเป็นเมืองที่การจราจรติดขัดเป็นอันดับต้น ๆ ของโลก ได้มีการแก้ไขปัญหาการจราจรมากมาย เช่น การสร้างทางด่วน หรือ รถไฟฟ้า ขึ้น

การคมนาคมในกรุงเทพมหานคร นั่นสามารถทำได้หลายทาง เช่น การนั่งรถโดยสารประจำทาง (รถเมล์) แท็กซี่ รถจักรยานยนต์รับจ้าง

รถโดยสารประจำทาง จะมีหลายสายเพื่อเป็นการบริการประชาชน ให้บริการในราคาย่อมเยา สำหรับรถโดยสารประจำทางจะเริ่มต้นที่ 7 บาท สำหรับรถพัดลมของขสมก. และ 11 บาทสำหรับรถปรับอากาศ และ 12 บาทสำหรับรถโดยสารปรับอากาศแบบยูโร 2

นับตั้งแต่เดือนกรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2551 เป็นต้นมา ได้มีการปรับอัตราค่าโดยสารแท๊กซี่ขึ้น โดยอัตราค่าโดยสารที่ใช้กันอยู่ คือ

กิโลเมตรที่ ค่าโดยสาร
0-1 35 บาท
1-12 5 บาท/กิโลเมตร
12-20 5.50 บาท/กิโลเมตร
20-40 6 บาท/กิโลเมตร
40-60 6.50 บาท/กิโลเมตร
60-80 7.50 บาท/กิโลเมตร
80 ขึ้นไป 8.50 บาท/กิโลเมตร
การจราจรในกรุงเทพมหานคร

ทางรถยนต์

กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของถนนหลักของประเทศไทย ได้แก่

ทางรถไฟ

การเดินทางด้วยรถไฟสามารถทำได้ โดยมีสถานีรถไฟต้นทางสามแห่งคือ

ในอนาคต การรถไฟแห่งประเทศไทย (รฟท.) ซึ่งร่วมกับสำนักงานนโยบายและแผนการขนส่งและจราจร (สนข.) มีแผนที่จะปรับปรุงสถานีรถไฟชุมทางบางซื่อให้เป็นสถานีหลักเพียงแห่งเดียวของกรุงเทพมหานคร ทั้งนี้ จะมีการเชื่อมโยงเส้นทางรถไฟทางไกลทั้งสามส่วนเข้าด้วยกันภายใต้โครงการรถไฟฟ้าชานเมือง (สายสีแดงเข้ม รังสิต-มหาชัย และสายสีแดงอ่อน ตลิ่งชัน-สุวรรณภูมิ)

รถๆฟฟ้าบีทีเอสบริเวณแยกศาลาแดง

ทางรถไฟฟ้า

เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2542 โครงการรถไฟฟ้าบีทีเอส (BTS - ย่อมาจาก Bangkok Transit System) ได้เปิดใช้งาน ซึ่งเป็นรถไฟระบบรางคู่ที่สร้างบนทางยกระดับ เป็นรางมาตรฐาน 1.435 เมตร

ทางรถไฟฟ้าที่ดำเนินการในปัจจุบันมีดังนี้

ทางเข้าสถานีรถไฟฟ้าใต้ดินห้วยขวาง

ทางรถไฟใต้ดิน

รถไฟใต้ดินได้เปิดบริการเมื่อปีพ.ศ. 2547 ในชื่อโครงการรถไฟฟ้ามหานคร เป็นรางมาตรฐาน 1.435 เมตร

ทางรถโดยสารประจำทาง (ต่างจังหวัด)

รถโดยสารประจำทางหรือรถโดยสารประจำทางปรับอากาศ สำหรับเดินทางไปจังหวัดต่างๆ ในประเทศไทย โดยมีสถานีหลักอยู่ที่

ทางรถโดยสารประจำทางด่วนพิเศษ

รถโดยสารประจำทางด่วนพิเศษ คือระบบขนส่งมวลชนใหม่ของกรุงเทพมหานคร มีลักษณะคล้ายกับรถประจำทาง แต่การเดินของรถนั้นแยกออกจากถนนปกติ สายที่กำลังก่อสร้างอยู่ในปัจจุบันคือ สายช่องนนทรี-ราชพฤกษ์ ระยะทาง 16.5 กิโลเมตร โดยจะสามารถเปิดทดลองวิ่งได้ในวันที่ 12 สิงหาคมนี้ และจะให้บริการฟรีเป็นเวลา 6 เดือน [15]

ทางอากาศ

การเดินทางทางอากาศ ในอดีตได้ใช้สนามบินดอนเมือง (ท่าอากาศยานกรุงเทพ) ซึ่งได้เปิดใช้มาตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2457 ต่อมาได้มีการก่อสร้างท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิ (อยู่ในพื้นที่ของจังหวัดสมุทรปราการ) ซึ่งได้เปิดใช้มาตั้งแต่วันที่ 28 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2549 เวลา 03.00 น

ในปัจจุบัน ท่าอากาศยานนานาชาติดอนเมืองเป็นท่าอากาศยานสำหรับรองรับเที่ยวบินภายในประเทศ และมีท่าอากาศยานสุวรรณภูมิสำหรับเที่ยวบินต่างประเทศและเที่ยวบินในประเทศบางส่วน

ทางน้ำ

เรือโดยสารทั้งทางแม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา และคลองมีดังนี้

ปัญหาในปัจจุบัน

การจราจรติดขัด

ถือเป็นปัญหาหลักของกรุงเทพมหานคร รัฐบาลที่ผ่านมาหลายสมัยมีความพยายามที่จะแก้ปัญหานี้ มีโครงการต่าง ๆ เกิดขึ้นมากมาย ไม่ว่าจะเป็นโครงการทางด่วนยกระดับ การก่อสร้างสะพานและอุโมงค์ข้ามแยก การก่อสร้างรถไฟฟ้าและรถไฟใต้ดิน รวมถึงการตัดถนนเพิ่ม แต่ก็ยังคงไม่สามารถแก้ปัญหาการจราจรให้ลดลงได้มากนัก เนื่องจากจำนวนรถยนต์ที่เพิ่มขึ้นทุกปีอย่างต่อเนื่อง โดยเฉพาะในช่วงเวลาเร่งด่วน (06.00-09.00 น. และ 16:00-19:00 น.) โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในช่วงเช้าวันจันทร์และเย็นวันศุกร์

นอกเหนือไปจากสาเหตุขั้นต้นแล้ว การที่ผู้ขับขี่ส่วนใหญ่ขาดสำนึกและวินัยจราจร รวมถึงการไม่เข้มงวดกวดขันให้ผู้ขับขี่ปฏิบัติตามกฎจราจร ก็เป็นส่วนหนึ่งที่ทำให้เกิดปัญหาการจราจรติดขัด การจอดรถหรือหยุดรถในเขตห้ามจอดของทั้งรถส่วนบุคคลและรถสาธารณะ การเปลี่ยนช่องจราจรอย่างกระทันหันซึ่งมักจะก่อให้เกิดอุบัติเหตุ สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงการขาดมารยาทและวินัยในการใช้รถใช้ถนน

สินค้าละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์

การละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ถือเป็นปัญหาที่สำคัญอีกปัญหาหนึ่ง สินค้าละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์สามารถพบเห็นได้โดยทั่วไปในเขตกรุงเทพมหานคร ไม่ว่าจะเป็น ซีดีเพลง (โดยมากเป็นแบบซีดีรวมไฟล์เพลงเอ็มพีสาม) วีซีดีและดีวีดีภาพยนตร์ ทั้งภาพยนตร์ไทยและต่างประเทศ รวมไปถึง ซอฟต์แวร์ เกม และโปรแกรมประยุกต์ต่าง ๆ โดยสถานที่ที่มีปัญหาเรื่องการจำหน่ายสินค้าละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์มาก ได้แก่ พันธุ์ทิพย์พลาซ่า, คลองถม, ตะวันนา เป็นต้น[16] ซึ่งสามารถพบเห็นและหาซื้อสินค้าละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ได้โดยง่าย สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงการไม่เอาจริงเอาจัง ในการบังคับใช้กฎหมายลิขสิทธิ์ และการที่ผู้ซื้อไม่เห็นความสำคัญของการละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์ และทรัพย์สินทางปัญญา

มหาวิทยาลัยในกรุงเทพมหานคร

กรุงเทพมหานครเป็นศูนย์กลางการศึกษาของประเทศ มีสถาบันอุดมศึกษาตั้งอยู่เป็นจำนวนมาก ได้แก่

นอกจากนี้ยังมีสถาบันอุดมศึกษาในต่างจังหวัดที่เข้ามาตั้งศูนย์วิทยบริการและศูนย์การศึกษาในกรุงเทพมหานครอีกหลายแห่ง เช่น มหาวิทยาลัยขอนแก่น มหาวิทยาลัยบูรพา มหาวิทยาลัยนเรศวร เป็นต้น

ส่วนข้อมูลโรงเรียนโปรดดูที่ รายชื่อโรงเรียนในกรุงเทพมหานคร

เมืองพี่น้อง

กรุงเทพมหานครได้สถาปนาความสัมพันธ์ เมืองพี่น้อง กับหลายเมืองในหลายประเทศ[17] ได้แก่

อ้างอิง

  1. อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ pop2551
  2. NGA GEOnet Names Server (อังกฤษ)
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 จดหมายข่าวราชบัณฑิตยสถาน ปีที่ 3 ฉบับที่ 31, ธันวาคม 2536
  4. Bangkok Post, "Maori claims world's longest place name", 1 September 2006.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 พลาดิศัย สิทธิธัญกิจ. กรุงเทพศึกษา. กรุงเทพฯ : บันทึกสยาม, 2551. 288 หน้า. ISBN 978-974-13-0411-0 อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่สมเหตุสมผล มีนิยามชื่อ "bkkstudy" หลายครั้งด้วยเนื้อหาต่างกัน
  6. รายการวิกสยาม ออกอากาศวันที่ 17 สิงหาคม 2551
  7. รายการ 100 ปี ไกลบ้าน ตามรอยพระพุทธเจ้าหลวง และ รายการพินิจนคร, สถานีโทรทัศน์ไทยพีบีเอส
  8. "ประกาศของคณะปฏิวัติ ฉบับที่ ๒๔" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (ภาษาThai). ๘๘ (๑๔๔ ก): ๘๑๖-๘๑๙. ๒๑ ธันวาคม ๒๕๑๔.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (ลิงก์)
  9. "ประกาศของคณะปฏิวัติ ฉบับที่ ๑๖๘" (PDF). ราชกิจจานุเบกษา (ภาษาThai). ๘๙ (๙๓ ก ฉบับพิเศษ): ๑๘๗-๒๐๑. ๑๗ มิถุนายน ๒๕๑๕.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (ลิงก์)
  10. อุณหภูมิและปริมาณฝนกรุงเทพมหานครค่าเฉลี่ย30ปี
  11. About.com:Architecture, "World's Tallest Buildings", 2007
  12. 2008 World's Best Cities
  13. เปิดทำการเดินรถ 1 พฤศจิกายน 2550
  14. เปิดทำการเดินรถ 15 พฤศจิกายน 2550
  15. http://www.matichon.co.th/news_detail.php?id=24115&catid=27 กทม.เล็งซื้อคืน'บีทีเอส' ตามความต้องการนายกฯ
  16. ไทยรัฐ, เจ้าข้าเอ๊ย! รัฐจะลุยละเมิดลิขสิทธิ์, 18 พฤศจิกายน 2551 เรียกดูเมื่อ 16 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2552
  17. การสถาปนาความสัมพันธ์ บ้านพี่เมืองน้อง, กรุงเทพมหานคร, เรียกดูเมื่อ 16 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2550
  18. "Bangkok er ny vennskapsby". Adresseavisen. Retrieved on 29 May 2009.
  19. >Istanbul and Bangkok Become Sister Cities

ดูเพิ่ม

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

13°45′00″N 100°31′01″E / 13.75°N 100.517°E / 13.75; 100.517{{#coordinates:}}: ไม่สามารถมีป้ายกำกับหลักมากกว่าหนึ่งป้ายต่อหน้าได้