จักรวรรดิเซลจุค
มหาจักรวรรดิเซลจุค | |
---|---|
1037–1194 | |
สถานะ | จักรวรรดิ |
เมืองหลวง | |
ภาษาทั่วไป | |
ศาสนา | อิสลามนิกายซุนนี (มัซฮับฮะนะฟี) |
การปกครอง | รัฐบริวารในรัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ (โดยนิตินัย)[6] รัฐสุลต่านอิสระ (โดยพฤตินัย) |
เคาะลีฟะฮ์ | |
• 1031–1075 | อัลกออิม |
• 1180–1225 | อันนาศิร |
สุลต่าน | |
• 1037–1063 | ทูฆรีล (องค์แรก) |
• 1174–1194 | ทูฆรีลที่ 3 (องค์สุดท้าย)[7] |
ประวัติศาสตร์ | |
• จัดตั้งโดยทูฆรีล | 1037 |
1040 | |
1071 | |
1095–1099 | |
1141 | |
• จักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์เข้ามาแทนที่[8] | 1194 |
พื้นที่ | |
ประมาณ ค.ศ. 1080[9][10] | 3,900,000 ตารางกิโลเมตร (1,500,000 ตารางไมล์) |
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มหาจักรวรรดิเซลจุค (อังกฤษ: Great Seljuk Empire)[11][b] หรือ จักรวรรดิเซลจุค (Seljuk Empire) เป็นจักรวรรดิอิสลามนิกายซุนนีในสมัยกลางตอนกลาง ที่มีวัฒนธรรมของเติร์ก-เปอร์เซีย[14] ก่อตั้งและปกครองโดยชาวเติร์กโอคุซ สาขา Qïnïq[15] มีพื้นที่รวม 3.9 ล้าน ตารางกิโลเมตร (1.5 ล้าน ตารางไมล์) จากอานาโตเลียกับลิแวนต์ทางตะวันตกถึงฮินดูกูชทางตะวันออก และจากเอเชียกลางทางตอนเหนือถึงอ่าวเปอร์เซียทางตอนใต้
ในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1140 อำนาจและอิทธิพลของจักรวรรดิเซลจุคเริ่มเสื่อมถอยก่อนแทนที่ด้วยจักรวรรดิฆวอแรซม์ใน ค.ศ. 1194
ประวัติ
[แก้]ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์
[แก้]ผู้ก่อตั้งราชวงศ์เซลจุคคือขุนศึกชาวเติร์กโอคุซนามเซลจุค เขามีชื่อเสียงจากการรับใช้ในกองทัพคาซาร์ พวกเซลจุคอพยพไปที่ฆวอแรซม์ ใกล้กับเมืองJend โดยพวกเขาเข้ารับอิสลามใน ค.ศ. 985[16] ฆวอแรซม์ในเวลานั้นอยู่ในการควบคุมของ Ma'munids แห่งจักรวรรดิซอมอนีด[17] ใน ค.ศ. 999 จักรวรรดิซอมอนีดตกอยู่ใต้อำนาจของรัฐข่านคารา-ข่านแห่งทรานโซเซียนา แต่พวก Ghaznavids ครอบครองดินแดนทางใต้ของ Oxus[18] พวกเซลจุคจึงมีส่วนร่วม โดยสนับสนุนเอมีร์ซอมอนีดองค์สุดท้าย ก่อนที่จะจัดตั้งฐานอำนาจอิสระของตนเอง[19]
ดูเพิ่ม
[แก้]หมายเหตุ
[แก้]- ↑ สีอ่อนข้างบนขวาคือรัฐข่านคารา-ข่าน รัฐบริวาร
- ↑ เพื่อแยกจากรัฐสุลต่านรูมที่ครองโดยราชวงศ์เซลจุคสาขาอานาโตเลีย[12][13]
เชิงอรรถ
[แก้]อ้างอิง
[แก้]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Savory, R. M., บ.ก. (1976). Introduction to Islamic Civilisation. Cambridge University Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-521-20777-5.
- ↑ Black, Edwin (2004). Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit and Conflict. John Wiley and Sons. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-471-67186-2.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO History of Humanity, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)."
- ↑ Stokes 2008, p. 615.
- ↑ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110; "Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule."
- ↑ Holt, Peter M. (1984). "Some Observations on the 'Abbāsid Caliphate of Cairo". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London. 47 (3): 501–507. doi:10.1017/s0041977x00113710. S2CID 161092185.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene (1988). The Empire of the Steppes. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 159, 161. ISBN 978-0-8135-0627-2.
In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East.
- ↑ Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "East-West Orientation of Historical Empires". Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 223. ISSN 1076-156X. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 September 2016.
- ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 496. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ↑ * Peacock 2015
- Christian Lange; Songül Mecit, eds., Seljuqs: Politics, Society and Culture (Edinburgh University Press, 2012), 1–328
- P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam (Volume IA): The Central Islamic Lands from Pre-Islamic Times to the First World War, (Cambridge University Press, 1977), 151, 231–234.
- ↑ Mecit 2014, p. 128.
- ↑ Peacock & Yıldız 2013, p. 6.
- ↑ * "Aḥmad of Niǧde's al-Walad al-Shafīq and the Seljuk Past", A. C. S. Peacock, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 54, (2004), 97; "With the growth of Seljuk power in Rum, a more highly developed Muslim cultural life, based on the Persianate culture of the Seljuk court, was able to take root in Anatolia."
- Meisami, Julie Scott, Persian Historiography to the End of the Twelfth Century, (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), 143; "Nizam al-Mulk also attempted to organise the Saljuq administration according to the Persianate Ghaznavid model k..."
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, "Šahrbānu", Online Edition: "here one might bear in mind that non-Persian dynasties such as the Ghaznavids, Saljuqs and Ilkhanids were rapidly to adopt the Persian language and have their origins traced back to the ancient kings of Persia rather than to Turkish heroes or Muslim saints ..."
- Meri, Josef W. (2006). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Psychology Press. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0.
(Isfahan) has served as the political and cultural center of the Persianate world: during the reign of the Seljuks (1038-1194) and that of the Safavids (1501–1722)
. - Mandelbaum, Michael (1994). Central Asia and the World: Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Council on Foreign Relations. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-87609-167-8.
Persianate zone (...) The rise of Persianized Turks to administrative control (...) The Turko-Persian tradition developed during the Seljuk period (1040-1118) (...) In the Persianate zone, Turkophones ruled and Iranians administered
- Jonathan Dewald, Europe 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004, p. 24: "Turcoman armies coming from the East had driven the Byzantines out of much of Asia Minor and established the Persianized sultanate of the Seljuks."
- Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran.."," "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
- Shaw, Wendy (12 June 2003). Possessors and Possessed: Museums, Archaeology, and the Visualization of History in the Late Ottoman Empire (ภาษาอังกฤษ). University of California Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-520-92856-5.
In the tenth century, these and other nomadic tribes, often collectively referred to as Turkomans, migrated out of Central Asia and into Iran. Turkish tribes initially served as mercenary soldiers for local rulers but soon set up their own kingdoms in Iran, some of which grew into Empires – most notably the Great Seljuk Empire. In the meantime, many Turkic rulers and tribespeople eventually converted to Islam.
- Gencer, A. Yunus (2017). Thomas, David; Chesworth, John A. (บ.ก.). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 10 Ottoman and Safavid Empires (1600–1700). Brill. ISBN 978-9004345652.
Turkish music completed its transformation into completely makam-based music in the early 11th-century, in the period of the Turko-Persian Seljuk Empire.
- Calmard, Jean (22 May 2003). Newman, Andrew J. (บ.ก.). Society and Culture in the Early Modern Middle East: Studies on Iran in the Safavid Period. BRILL. p. 318. ISBN 978-90-47-40171-1.
A particularly interesting text, which reveals the socio-religious mood of the Turco-Persian world from Seljuk times, is the Abù Muslim romance.
- Pfeifer, Helen (2022). Empire of Salons: Conquest and Community in Early Modern Ottoman Lands. Princeton University Press. p. 46. ISBN 9780691224954.
The cultural influence of the Turco-Persian Seljuks long outlasted their political control of Anatolia, and the Turkish principalities that succeeded them starting in the late thirteenth cetury continued to look to that tradition for models of refinement and sociability.
- Khazonov, Anatoly M. (April 9, 2015). "Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests". ใน Kedar, Benjamin Z.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge World History, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. p. 373. ISBN 978-0521190749.
The Seljuk Empire was another Turco-Iranian state, and its creation was unexpected even by the Seljuks themselves.
- Partridge, Christopher (July 3, 2018). High Culture: Drugs, Mysticism, and the Pursuit of Transcendence in the Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0190459116.
Under his leadership, the Nezāris mounted a decentralized revolutionary effort against the militarily superior Turko-Persian Saljuq empire.
- Neumann, Iver B.; Wigen, Einar (June 2018). The Steppe Tradition in International Relations. Cambridge University Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781108355308.
The Seljuq Empire is nevertheless the foremost example of a Turko-Persian Islamic empire.
- Hathaway, Jane (October 2003). A Tale of Two Factions: Myth, Memory, and Identity in Ottoman Egypt and Yemen. State University of New York Press. p. 98. ISBN 9780791458846.
Farther east, medieval Turco-Iranian military patronage states, such as those of the Ghaznavids, Seljuks, Timurids, and early Ottomans, appear to have been more directly affected by the banner traditions of the nomadic Turkic and Mongol populations of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn were influenced by the traditions of the various empires and kingdoms that ruled China, Japan, and Korea.
- Cupane, Carolina; Krönung, Bettina (27 Sep 2016). Fictional Storytelling in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond. BRILL. p. 532. ISBN 978-90-04-30772-8.
Seljuk(s) medieval Turko-Persian dynasty
- ↑ • Jackson, P. (2002). "Review: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens: The History of the Seljuq Turkmens". Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies. 13 (1): 75–76. doi:10.1093/jis/13.1.75.
• Bosworth, C. E. (2001). 0Notes on Some Turkish Names in Abu 'l-Fadl Bayhaqi's Tarikh-i Mas'udi". Oriens, Vol. 36, 2001 (2001), pp. 299–313.
• Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
• Hancock, I. (2006). On Romani origins and identity. The Romani Archives and Documentation Center. The University of Texas at Austin.
• Asimov, M. S., Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). (1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol. IV: "The Age of Achievement: AD 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century", Part One: "The Historical, Social and Economic Setting". Multiple History Series. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.
• Dani, A. H., Masson, V. M. (Eds), Asimova, M. S. (Eds), Litvinsky, B. A. (Eds), Boaworth, C. E. (Eds). (1999). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers (Pvt. Ltd).
• Lars Johanson, Éva Ágnes Csató Johanson (2015). The Turkic Languages. p. 25.The name 'Seljuk is a political rather than ethnic name. It derives from Selčiik, born Toqaq Temir Yally, a war-lord (sil-baši), from the Qiniq tribal grouping of the Oghuz. Seljuk, in the rough and tumble of internal Oghuz politics, fled to Jand, c.985, after falling out with his overlord.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (ลิงก์) - ↑ Peacock 2015, p. 25.
- ↑ Peacock 2015, p. 26.
- ↑ Frye 1975, p. 159.
- ↑ Peacock 2015, p. 27.
แหล่งข้อมูล
[แก้]- Arjomand, Said Amir (1999). "The Law, Agency, and Policy in Medieval Islamic Society: Development of the Institutions of Learning from the Tenth to the Fifteenth Century". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 41, No. 2 (Apr.) (2): 263–293. doi:10.1017/S001041759900208X. S2CID 144129603.
- Basan, Osman Aziz (2010). The Great Seljuqs: A History. Taylor & Francis.
- Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E. (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". ใน Boyle, J.A. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
- Bosworth, C.E., บ.ก. (2010). The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri. แปลโดย Luther, Kenneth Allin. Routledge.
- Bulliet, Richard W. (1994). Islam: The View from the Edge. Columbia University Press.
- Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A.C.S. (2016). Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
- Frye, R.N. (1975). "The Samanids". ใน Frye, R.N. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4:The Period from the Arab invasion to the Saljuqs. Cambridge University Press.
- Gardet, Louis (1970). "Religion and Culture". ใน Holt, P.M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 2B. Cambridge University Press. pp. 569–603.
- Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (2014). The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran Vol.6. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1780769479.
- Hillenbrand, Robert (1994). Islamic Architecture: Form, Function, and Meaning. Columbia University Press.
- Korobeinikov, Dimitri (2015). "The Kings of the East and the West: The Seljuk Dynastic Concept and Titles in the Muslim and Christian sources". ใน Peacock, A.C.S.; Yildiz, Sara Nur (บ.ก.). The Seljuks of Anatolia. I.B. Tauris.
- Kuru, Ahmet T. (2019). Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Underdevelopment. Cambridge University Press.
- Lambton, A.K.S. (1968). "The Internal Structure of the Saljuq Empire". ใน Boyle, J.A. (บ.ก.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods. Cambridge University Press.
- Minorsky, V. (1953). Studies in Caucasian History I. New Light on the Shaddadids of Ganja II. The Shaddadids of Ani III. Prehistory of Saladin. Cambridge University Press.
- Mirbabaev, A.K. (1992). "The Islamic lands and their culture". ใน Bosworth, Clifford Edmund; Asimov, M. S. (บ.ก.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. IV: Part Two: The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century. Unesco.
- Christie, Niall (2014). Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382: From the Islamic Sources. Routledge.
- Peacock, Andrew C. S. (2010). Early Seljūq History: A New Interpretation.
- Peacock, A.C.S.; Yıldız, Sara Nur, บ.ก. (2013). The Seljuks of Anatolia: Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1848858879.
- Peacock, Andrew (2015). The Great Seljuk Empire. Edinburgh University Press Ltd.
- Mecit, Songül (2014). The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty. Routledge. ISBN 978-1134508990.
- Safi, Omid (2006). The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry (Islamic Civilization and Muslim Networks). University of North Carolina Press.
- El-Azhari, Taef (2021). Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661–1257. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-1474423182.
- Green, Nile (2019). Green, Nile (บ.ก.). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press.
- Spuler, Bertold (2014). Iran in the Early Islamic Period: Politics, Culture, Administration and Public Life between the Arab and the Seljuk Conquests, 633–1055. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28209-4.
- Stokes, Jamie, บ.ก. (2008). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2017-02-14.
- Tor, D.G. (2011). "'Sovereign and Pious': The Religious Life of the Great Seljuq Sultans". ใน Lange, Christian; Mecit, Songul (บ.ก.). The Seljuqs: Politics, Society, and Culture. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 39–62.
- Tor, Deborah (2012). "The Long Shadow of Pre-Islamic Iranian Rulership: Antagonism or Assimilation?". ใน Bernheimer, Teresa; Silverstein, Adam J. (บ.ก.). Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 145–163. ISBN 978-0-906094-53-2.
- Van Renterghem, Vanessa (2015). "Baghdad: A View from the Edge on the Seljuk Empire". ใน Herzig, Edmund; Stewart, Sarah (บ.ก.). The Age of the Seljuqs: The Idea of Iran. Vol. VI. I.B. Tauris.
อ่านเพิ่ม
[แก้]- Previté-Orton, C. W. (1971). The Shorter Cambridge Medieval History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Tetley, G. E. (2008). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. Abingdon. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
[แก้]- http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/533602/Seljuq
- Houtsma, Martin Theodoor (1911). . สารานุกรมบริตานิกา ค.ศ. 1911 (11 ed.).