ลัทธิไศวะ

ในศาสนาฮินดู ลัทธิไศวะ หรือ ไศวนิกาย (อังกฤษ: Shaivism) เป็นลัทธินิกายที่นับถือพระศิวะเป็นพระเป็นเจ้าหรือพรหมัน^[1] ศาสนิกชนในลัทธินี้เรียกว่าชาวไศวะ ซึ่งมีรูปแบบความเชื่อและการปฏิบัติแตกต่างกันไปเป็นหลายกลุ่ม เช่น ศิวสิทธานตะที่มีแนวคิดว่าบุคคลจะหลุดพ้นได้โดยการภักดีต่อพระศิวะ แต่ลัทธิโยคะถือว่าทุกสิ่งเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของพรหมันอยู่แล้ว^[2]^[3] ลัทธินี้ถือพระเวทและอาคมเป็นคัมภีร์สำคัญ^[4]^[5]^[6]

ลัทธิไศวะมีที่มาจากการนับถือพระรุทรในสมัยพระเวท (ราวสองพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช)^[7] คัมภีร์เศวตาศวตโรปนิษัทซึ่งแต่งขึ้นราวหนึ่งพันปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราชปรากฏคำว่า รุทร ศิวะ มเหศวร^[8]^[9] แต่การตีความคำเหล่านี้ยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงอยู่^[10]^[11] จนถึงคริสต์สหัสวรรษที่ 1 ลัทธิไศวะทั้งสายภักตินิยมและสายโยคะก็เริ่มแพร่หลายในหลายอาณาจักร^[7] รวมทั้งในภูมิภาคเอเชียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้ที่พบโบสถ์พราหมณ์ลัทธิไศวะหลายพันแห่งในประเทศอินโดนีเซีย กัมพูชา และเวียดนาม^[12]^[13]

ความเชื่อของลัทธิไศวะมีหลายรูปแบบ บางกลุ่มถือว่าพระศิวะคือมหาเทพพระผู้สร้าง รักษา และทำลายล้างโลก บางกลุ่มมองว่าพระศิวะหมายถึงอาตมันอันเป็นภาวะแก่นสารของสรรพสิ่ง ในด้านการปฏิบัติ มีการบูชาพระศิวะรวมถึงพระปารวตีผู้เป็นศักติ (ซึ่งแบบขนบของลัทธิศักติ) ตามโบสถ์พราหมณ์ต่าง ๆ^[3] บางกลุ่มเน้นการถือพรตฝึกโยคะเพื่อให้เข้าถึงพระศิวะที่เป็นอาตมันภายในตนเอง^[14]^[2]^[15]

อ้างอิง[แก้]

↑ P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–14, 509–516. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.
↑ David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9, page 116
↑ Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes
↑ Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Peter Bisschop (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press
↑ [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 301-304;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-8121509992, pages 106-111
↑ Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-406 with footnotes
↑ A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531
↑ D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, ISBN 978-9004107588, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9
↑ Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.
↑ Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6.
↑ Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.
↑ "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2014. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= (help)

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แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น[แก้]

Encyclopædia Britannica, "Shaivism"
Saivism.Net
Alexis sanderson, Publications, scholarly studies in Shaivism

[Raju1985p10-1] P. T. Raju (1985). Structural Depths of Indian Thought. State University of New York Press. pp. 10–14, 509–516. ISBN 978-0-88706-139-4.

[ganeshtagare-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Ganesh Tagare (2002), The Pratyabhijñā Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1892-7, pages 16–19

[FOOTNOTEFlood2003202–204-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Flood 2003, pp. 202–204.

[davidsmith116-4] David Smith (1996), The Dance of Siva: Religion, Art and Poetry in South India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-48234-9, page 116

[dhavamony-5] Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999), Hindu Spirituality, Gregorian University and Biblical Press, ISBN 978-88-7652-818-7, pages 31–34 with footnotes

[Mark_Dyczkowski_1989_pages_43-6] Mark Dyczkowski (1989), The Canon of the Śaivāgama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0595-8, pages 43–44

[bisschopoup-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Peter Bisschop (2011), Shaivism, Oxford University Press

[8] [a] Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120814684, pages 301-304;
[b] R G Bhandarkar (2001), Vaisnavism, Saivism and Minor Religious Systems, Routledge, ISBN 978-8121509992, pages 106-111

[9] Robert Hume (1921), Shvetashvatara Upanishad, The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Oxford University Press, pages 400-406 with footnotes

[10] A Kunst, Some notes on the interpretation of the Ṥvetāṥvatara Upaniṣad, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 31, Issue 02, June 1968, pages 309-314; doi:10.1017/S0041977X00146531

[srinivasanch9-11] D Srinivasan (1997), Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes, Brill, ISBN 978-9004107588, pages 96-97 and Chapter 9

[FOOTNOTEFlood2003208–214-12] Flood 2003, pp. 208–214.

[13] Jan Gonda (1975). Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia, Religions. BRILL Academic. pp. 3–20, 35–36, 49–51. ISBN 90-04-04330-6.

[FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-14] Flood 1996, pp. 162–167.

[Himalaya_Academy-15] "Introduction to Hinduism". Himalayan Academy. 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 2014. {{cite web}}: ตรวจสอบค่าวันที่ใน: |accessdate= (help)

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