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รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 10:53, 1 กรกฎาคม 2563

นี่คือหน้าทดลองเขียนของ Waniosa Amedestir หน้าทดลองเขียนเป็นหน้าย่อยของหน้าผู้ใช้ ซึ่งผู้ใช้มีไว้ทดลองเขียนหรือไว้พัฒนาหน้าต่าง ๆ แต่นี่ไม่ใช่หน้าบทความสารานุกรม ทดลองเขียนได้ที่นี่

หน้าทดลองเขียนอื่น ๆ: หน้าทดลองเขียนหลัก

กล่องข้อความ

พระนามเต็ม
	Abū Zakarīyā' Al-Mu`taṣim Yaḥyā ibn An-Nāṣir

Yahya al-Mu`tasim
Yahya al-Mu`tasim
	Caliph of Morocco
ครองราชย์	1227–1229
ก่อนหน้า	Abdallah al-Adil
ถัดไป	Idris al-Ma'mun
สวรรคต	1236
พระนามเต็ม
	Abū Zakarīyā' Al-Mu`taṣim Yaḥyā ibn An-Nāṣir
พระราชบิดา	Muhammad al-Nasir
ศาสนา	Islam

อักษรคุปตะ; (อักษรพราหมีตอนปลาย);
	จารึกถ้ำโกปิกะแห่งอนันทวรมัน ในภาษาสันสกฤตและใช้อักษรคุปตะ ถ้ำบาราบาร์ ศตวรรษที่ 5 หรือ 6
ชนิด	อักษรสระประกอบ
ช่วงยุค	Early signs: ศตวรรษที่ 1 Developed form: c. 400–?
ภาษาพูด	Sanskrit
อักษรที่เกี่ยวข้อง
ระบบแม่	Proto-Sinaitic alphabet[a] Phoenician alphabet[a] Aramaic alphabet[a] Brāhmī อักษรคุปตะ; (อักษรพราหมีตอนปลาย); ; ; ;
ระบบลูก	Deodhai; Nāgarī; Śāradā; Siddhaṃ; Nepal Lipi
	[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
	หน้านี้ประกอบด้วยสัญกรณ์การออกเสียงในสัทอักษรสากล (IPA) สำหรับคำแนะนำเบื้องต้นเกี่ยวกับสัญลักษณ์ IPA โปรดดู วิธีใช้:สัทอักษรสากล สำหรับความแตกต่างระหว่าง [ ], / / และ ⟨ ⟩ ดูที่ สัทอักษรสากล § วงเล็บเหลี่ยมและทับ

Yahya al-Mu'tasim

Yahya al-Mu`tasim (อาหรับ: أبو زكرياء المعتصم يحي بن الناصر; Abū Zakarīyā' Al-Mu`taṣim Yaḥyā ibn An-Nāṣir; died 1236) was an Almohad rival caliph^[2] who reigned from 1227 to 1229. He was a son of Muhammad al-Nasir^[3] and brother of Yusuf II, Almohad caliph.

At the death of his uncle Abdallah al-Adil, Yahya was supported by the sheikhs of Marrakesh, but two years later he was turned down by another pretender, his other uncle Idris al-Ma'mun. At the latter‘s death in 1232, Yahya renewed his pretenses, but his cousin Abd al-Wahid II was preferred to him. He was anyway able to keep Marrakesh until his death in 1236, after which the Almohad territories were again united under Abd al-Wahid.

Sources

Charles-André Julien. Histoire de l‘Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830.

Notes

↑ Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, p. 30, ที่กูเกิล หนังสือ, Rudradaman’s inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India, Stanford University Archives, pages 30–45
↑ Pascal Buresi, Hicham El Aallaoui, Travis Bruce, Governing the empire: provincial administration in the Almohad Caliphate (1224-1269): critical edition, translation, and study of manuscript 4752 of the Hasaniyya Library in Rabat containing 77 taqadim ("appointments")
↑ Yahya al-Mutasim

อิบลีส

อิบลีส (อาหรับ: إِبْلِيس; บางครั้งทับศัพท์เป็น เอ็บลีส (Eblis)^[1] หรือ อิบรีส (Ibris))^[2] เป็นสิ่งมีชีวิตในอัลกุรอาน มักพบในความสัมพันธ์กับการสร้างอาดัม และถูกสั่งให้กราบต่อหน้าเขา หลังจากมันปฏิเสธ ก็ถูกขับไล่ออกจากสวรรค์ นักวิชาการอิสลามยุคคลาสสิกหลายท่านกล่าวว่า มันเคยเป็นมลาอิกะฮ์มาก่อน^[3]^[4]^: 73^[5] แต่นักวิชาการในยุคเดียวกันส่วนใหญ่ถือว่ามันเป็นญิน^[4]^: 69 เนื่องจาก Due to his fall from God's grace, he is often compared to Satan in Christian traditions. In Islamic tradition, Iblis is often identified with ash-Shaitan ("the Devil"), often followed by the epithet ar-Rajīm (อาหรับ: ٱلرَّجِيْم, แปลตรงตัว 'the Accursed').^[6] อย่างไรก็ตาม ในขณะที่ ชัยฏอน ถูกใช้เป็นแรงขับเคลื่อนที่ชั่วร้าย ตัวอิบลีสมีบทบาทในธรรมเนียมอิสลามมากกว่า^[7]

ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา

คำว่า อิบลีส (อาหรับ: إِبْلِيس) น่าจะเป็นรากของ ب-ل-س (ความหมายแบบกว้างคือ "คงอยู่ในความเศร้าโศก")^[8] หรือ بَلَسَ (บะละซะ "เขาที่หมดหวัง")^[9] Furthermore, the name is related to talbis meaning confusion.^[10] อีกความเป็นไปได้หนึ่งมาจากภาษากรีกโบราณว่า διάβολος (diábolos) ผ่านทางภาษาซีรีแอก^[11] ซึ่งเป็นต้นตอของคำศัพท์ภาษาอังกฤษว่า 'devil' (มาร)^[12] However, there is no general agreement on the root of the term. The name itself could not be found before the Quran in Arab literature,^[13] but can be found in Kitab al Magall, a Christian apocryphic work written in Arabic.^[14]

ในธรรมเนียมอิสลาม, อิบลีส มีชื่อและตำแหน่งอื่นเป็นจำนวนมาก เช่น อบูมุรเราะฮ์ (أَبُو مُرَّة, "บิดาแห่งความขมขื่น") โดยคำว่า "มุรร์" - แปลว่า "ขมขื่น", อะดูวุลลอฮ์ (عُدُوّ الله, "ศัตรูหรือปรปักษ์" ต่ออัลลอฮ์)^[15] และ อบู อัลฮาริษ (أَبُو الْحَارِث, "บิดาแห่งผู้ไถ")^[16] มันเป็นที่รู้จักในชื่อเล่นว่า "อบูกัรดูส" (أَبُو كَرْدُوس) ซึ่งอาจแปลว่า "บิดาผู้สะสม, อัด หรือเบียดเสียดด้วยกัน"

เทววิทยา

ถึงแม้ว่าอิบลีสถูกเทียบกับมารในเทววิทยาศาสนาคริสต์ อิสลามปฏิเสธว่าซาตานเป็นศัตรูของพระเจ้า อิบลีสไม่ได้กลายเป็นผู้ปฏิเสธศรัทธาเพราะการไม่เชื่อฟัง แต่เพราะอ้างความอยุติธรรมต่อพระเจ้า โดยยืนกรานว่า การสั่งให้กราบต่อหน้าอาดัมเป็นสิ่งที่ไม่เหมาะสม^[17] ไม่มีสัญญาณของการก่อกบฏของเทวทูตในอัลกุรอาน และไม่มีการกล่าวว่าอิบลีสพยายามจะชิงบัลลังก์ขงพระเจ้า^[18]^[19] and Iblis' sin could be forgiven anytime by God.^[20] According to the Quran, Iblis' disobedience was due to his disdain for humanity, a narrative already occurring in early apocrypha.^[21] As a mere creature, Iblis can not be the cause or creator of evil in the world; in his function as Satan, he is merely seen as a tempter who takes advantage of humanity's weakness and self-centeredness and leads them away from God's path.^[22]

กุรอาน

อิบลีสถูกกล่าวโดยชื่อของมันในอัลกุรอาน 11 ครั้ง โดยในเก้าครั้งอิงถึงการปฏิเสธคำสั่งของพระเจ้าในการก้มกราบต่อหน้าอาดัม คำว่า ชัยฏอน เป็นที่แพร่หลายกว่า ถึงแม้ว่าคำว่าอิบลีสอาจอิงถึงชัยฏอนในบางครั้ง; เงื่อนไขของสองคำนี้ไม่สามารถแลกเปลี่ยนกันได้ เรื่องราวของอิบลีสอยู่ทั่วอัลกุรอาน โดยรวมแล้ว เนื้อเรื่องสรุปได้ดังนี้:^[23]

เมื่ออัลลอฮ์ทรงสร้างอาดัม พระองค์สั่งให้มลาอิกะฮ์ทั้งหมดสุญูด (ก้มกราบ) ต่อหน้าสิ่งถูกสร้าง All the angels bowed down, but Iblis refused to do so. He argued that since he himself was created from fire, he is superior to humans, made from Clay-mud, and that he should not prostrate himself before Adam.^[24] As punishment for his haughtiness, God banished Iblis from heaven and condemned him to hell. Later, Iblis made a request for the ability to try to mislead Adam and his descendants. God granted his request but also warned him that he will have no power over God's servants.^[25]

ดูเพิ่ม

อ้างอิง

↑ Briggs, Constance Victoria (2003). The Encyclopedia of God: An A-Z Guide to Thoughts, Ideas, and Beliefs about God. Newburyport, Massachusetts, the U.S.A.: Hampton Roads Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-612-83225-8.
↑ Nagawasa, Eiji (March 1992), An Introductory Note on Contemporary Arabic Thought
↑ Welch, Alford T. (2008). Studies in Qur'an and Tafsir. Riga, Latvia: Scholars Press. p. 756.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Abingdon, England, the U.K.: Routledge. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7103-1356-0.
↑ Öztürk, Mustafa (2 December 2009). Journal of Islamic Research. 2. {{cite journal}}: |title= ไม่มีหรือว่างเปล่า (help)
↑ Silverstein, Adam (January 2013). "On the original meaning of the Qur'ānic term al-Shaytān al-Rajīm". Journal of the American Oriental Society.
↑ Campanini, Massimo (2013). The Qur'an: The Basics. Abingdon, England: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1386-6630-6.
↑ Kazim, Ebrahim (2010). Scientific Commentary of Suratul Faateḥah. New Delhi, India: Pharos Media & Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 274. ISBN 978-8-172-21037-3.
↑ "Iblis".
↑ Nicholson, Reynold A. (1998). Studies In Islamic Mysticism. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-136-17178-9.
↑ Basharin, Pavel V. (April 1, 2018). "The Problem of Free Will and Predestination in the Light of Satan's Justification in Early Sufism". English Language Notes. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. 56 (1): 119–138. doi:10.1215/00138282-4337480.
↑ "Iblīs - BrillReference".
↑ Russell, Jeffrey Burton (1986). Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-801-49429-1.
↑ Monferrer-Sala, J. P. (2014). One More Time on the Arabized Nominal Form Iblīs. Studia Orientalia Electronica, 112, 55-70. Retrieved from https://journal.fi/store/article/view/9526
↑ https://www.britannica.com/topic/Iblis
↑ Zadeh, Travis (2014). "Commanding Demons and Jinn: The Sorcerer in Early Islamic Thought". ใน Korangy, Alireza; Sheffield, Dan (บ.ก.). No Tapping around Philology: A Festschrift in Honor of Wheeler McIntosh Thackston Jr.’s 70th Birthday. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 149. ISBN 978-3447102155.
↑ Sharpe, Elizabeth Marie Into the realm of smokeless fire: (Qur'an 55:14): A critical translation of al-Damiri's article on the jinn from "Hayat al-Hayawan al-Kubra 1953 The University of Arizona download date: 15/03/2020
↑ El-Zein, Amira (2009). Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn. Syracuse University Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-0815650706.
↑ Vicchio, Stephen J. (2008). Biblical Figures in the Islamic Faith. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. pp. 175–185. ISBN 978-1556353048.
↑ Ahmadi, Nader; Ahmadi, Fereshtah (1998). Iranian Islam: The Concept of the Individual. Berlin, Germany: Axel Springer. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-230-37349-5.
↑ Houtman, Alberdina; Kadari, Tamar; Poorthuis, Marcel; Tohar, Vered (2016). Religious Stories in Transformation: Conflict, Revision and Reception. Leiden, Germany: Brill Publishers. p. 66. ISBN 978-9-004-33481-6.
↑ Mathewes, Charles (2010). Understanding Religious Ethics. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-405-13351-7.
↑ Awn, Peter J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 18. ISBN 978-9-0040-6906-0.
↑ อัลกุรอาน 7:12
↑ อัลกุรอาน 17:65. ""As for My servants, no authority shalt thou have over them:" Enough is thy Lord for a Disposer of affairs."

ซะกาตฟิฏเราะฮ์ (ทำให้ดีกว่า)

ซะกาตฟิฏเราะฮ์ เป็น charity taken for the poor a few days before the end of fasting in the Islamic holy month of Ramadan

การจัดหมวดหมู่

Sadaqat al-Fitr is a duty which is wajib (required) of every Muslim, whether male or female, minor or adult as long as they have the means to do so.

According to Islamic tradition (Sunnah), Ibn 'Umar said that the Islamic Prophet Muhammad made Zakat al-Fitr compulsory on every slave, freeman, male, female, young and old among the Muslims; one Saa` of dried dates or one Saa` of barley.^[1]

จุดประสงค์

The main purpose of Zakat al-Fitr is to provide the poor which they can celebrate the festival of breaking the fast (`Eid al-Fitr) along with the rest of the Muslims.

Every Muslim is required to pay Zakat al-Fitr at the conclusion of the month of Ramadan as a token of thankfulness to God for having enabled him or her to observe the obligatory fast. Its purpose is:

As a levy on the fasting person. This is based on the hadith: The Prophet of Allah said, "The fasting of the month of fasting will be hanging between earth and heavens and it will not be raised up to the Divine Presence without paying the Zakat al-Fitr."
To purify those who fast from any indecent act or speech and to help the poor and needy.

The latter view is based upon the hadith from Ibn `Abbas who related, “The Prophet of Allah enjoined Zakat al-Fitr on those who fast to shield them from any indecent act or speech, and for the purpose of providing food for the needy. It is accepted as Zakah for the one who pays it before the `Eid prayer, and it is sadaqah for the one who pays it after the prayer.”^[2]

เงื่อนไข

Zakat al-Fitr is Wajib and must be distributed during a particular period of time. If one misses the time period without a good reason, they have sinned and must make it up. This form of charity becomes obligatory from sunset on the last day of fasting and remains obligatory until the beginning of Eid prayer (i.e., shortly after sunrise on the following day). However, it can be paid prior to the above-mentioned period, as many of the Sahabah (companions of the Prophet) used to pay Sadaqah al-Fitr a couple days before the `Eid.^[3]

After the spread of Islam the jurists permitted its payment from the beginning and middle of Ramadan so as to ensure that the Zakat al-Fitr reached its beneficiaries on the day of `Eid. It is particularly emphasized that the distribution be before the `Eid prayers in order that the needy who receive are able to use the fitr to provide for their dependents on the day of `Eid.

Nafi` reported that the Prophet's companion Ibn 'Umar used to give it to those who would accept it and the people used to give it a day or two before the `Eid. ^[4]

Ibn 'Umar reported that the Prophet ordered that it (Zakat al-Fitr) be given before people go to perform the (`Eid) prayers.

One who forgets to pay this Zakat al-Fitr on time should do so as soon as possible even though it will not be counted as Zakat al-Fitr.

อัตรา

จำนวน ซะกาต เท่ากันทุกคน โดยไม่คำนึงถึงความแตกต่างของรายได้ จำนวนขั้นต่ำสุดคือ อาหาร, เมล็ดข้าว หรือผลไม้แห้ง 1 ศออ์ (ทะนาน) ต่อครอบครัว ซึ่งเป็นไปตามรายงานของอิบน์ อุมัร

รายงานจากซะอีด อัลคุดรี "In the Prophet's time, we used to give it (Zakatal-Fitr) as a sa` of food, dried dates, barley, raisins or dried cheese".^[5]

เงื่อนไขของ ซะกาตฟิฏเราะฮ์ เหมือนกันกับซะกาต และเพิ่มขอบเขตอีกว่า ผู้ได้รีบ ซะกาตฟิฏเราะฮ์ ต้องอยู่ใน 8 จำพวกที่ถูกกล่าวใน ซูเราะฮ์ อัตเตาาบะฮ์ [9: 60] ไว้ว่า:

ฟะกีร คนยากจนที่ไม่มีรายได้เฉลี่ยรายปี ไม่เพียงพอกับความต้องการของตนและครอบครัว
มิสกีน คนขัดสนที่ไม่มีรายได้เลย หรือมีรายได้น้อยมาก ไม่พอกับความต้องการของตนและครอบครัว
อามิล เจ้าหน้าที่ผู้ได้รับการแต่งตั้งจากผู้นำศาสนาให้เป็นผู้เก็บ ดูแล ทำบัญชี และแจกจ่ายซะกาต,
มุอัลลัฟ อันได้แก่กาฟิรที่มีความสนใจในศาสนาอิสลาม หรือปกป้องศาสนาอิสลาม หรือ มุสลิมที่มีความศรัทธาที่อ่อนแอ
ริกอบ เพื่อไถ่ทาส
ฆอริม ผู้ติดหนี้จนไม่สามารถจะจ่ายหนี้สินของตนได้
เพื่อกิจกรรมในหนทางของอัลลอฮ์ (ฟีซะบีลิลลาฮ์) ในการปกป้องพิทักษ์ หรือทำนุบำรุงศาสนา เช่น เปิดโรงเรียนสอนศาสนา สร้างมัสยิด^[6] หรือญิฮาดในหนทางของอัลลอฮ์^[7]^[8]^[9]
อิบนุสสะบีล ผู้เดินทางที่ขาดเสบียง หรือทรัพย์สิน จนไม่สามารถจะเดินทางกลับบ้านได้

References

↑ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:25:579
↑ [Abu Dawood - Eng. transl. vol. 2, p. 421, no. 1605 - rated Sahih]
↑ Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid (2009). "Paying the Fitr". islamhouse.com.
↑ [Bukhari - Arabic/English, Vol. 2, p.339, no. 579]
↑ [Bukhari - Arabic/English vol. 2, p. 340, no. 582]
↑ M.A. Mohamed Salih (2004). Alexander De Waal (บ.ก.). Islamism and its enemies in the Horn of Africa. Indiana University Press. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-253-34403-8.
↑ David J. Jonsson (May 2006). Islamic Economics and the Final Jihad. Xulon Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-59781-980-0.
↑ Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (2007). Social security between past and future: Ambonese networks of care and support. LIT Verlag, Münster. p. 167. ISBN 978-3-8258-0718-4. Quote: Zakat literally means that which purifies. It is a form of sacrifice which purifies worldly goods from their worldly and sometimes impure means of acquisition, and which, according to God's wish, must be channelled towards the community.
↑ T.W. Juynboll, Handleiding tot de Kennis van de Mohaamedaansche Wet volgens de Leer der Sjafiitische School, 3rd Edition, Brill Academic, pp. 85–88

External links

Zakaah al-Fitr
Zakat al Fitr
Zakat al-Fitr Book
(ในภาษาฝรั่งเศส) The divergence concerning the validity of payment of the zakat ul fitr in money (at-tawhid.net)
About Saa` in Arabic Wikipedia
Zakat al Fitr - Zakat Fitrah

Worldwide caliphate

A worldwide caliphate is the concept of a single Islamic world government, which was supported in particular by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, a leader of the Islamic fundamentalist militant group the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.^[1]^[2] On April 8, 2006, the Daily Times of Pakistan reported that at a rally held in Islamabad the militant organization Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan called for the formation of a worldwide caliphate, which was to begin in Pakistan.^[3] In 2014, Baghdadi claimed the successful creation of a worldwide caliphate.^[4]

A Constitution^[5] guides the governance of activities of the principal bodies located in Pakistan.

Hizb ut-Tahrir, a pan-Islamist political organization, believes that all Muslims should unite in a worldwide caliphate^[6]^[7] that will "challenge, and ultimately conquer, the West."^[8] Because extremists often commit acts of violence in pursuit of this goal, it lacks appeal among a wider audience.^[9]

Brigitte Gabriel argues that the goal of a worldwide caliphate is central to the enterprise of radical Islam.^[10]

History

Over time, various historians and scholars have had differing ideas about the origins of this concept. One viewpoint is expressed in the 2007 book Islamic Imperialism: A History, in which the author Efraim Karsh explains his belief of the concept's origin:^[11]

As a universal religion, Islam envisages a global political order in which all humankind will live under Muslim rule as either believers or subject communities. In order to achieve this goal it is incumbent on all free, male, adult Muslims to carry out an uncompromising struggle "in the path of Allah", or jihad. This in turn makes those parts of the world that have not yet been conquered by the House of Islam an abode of permanent conflict (Dar al-Harb, the "house of war") which will only end with Islam's eventual triumph.

References

↑ A Dictionary of World History - Page 332, Edmund Wright - 2015
↑ Phares, Walid (2008). The Confrontation: Winning the War against Future Jihad: Defeating the Next Generation of Jihad. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-0230603899.
↑ Referenced in Oliver-Dee, Sean (2009). The Caliphate Question: The British Government and Islamic Governance. Lexington. p. 9. ISBN 978-0739136010.
↑ The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know - Page 13, James L. Gelvin - 2015
↑ "THE ISMAILI CONSTITUTION, Its importance in Today's World" (PDF). สืบค้นเมื่อ January 15, 2018.
↑ "Hizb ut-Tahrir Emerges in America". Anti-Defamation League. 25 July 2013.
↑ Fagan, Geraldine (2012). Believing in Russia: Religious Policy After Communism. Routledge. p. 157. ISBN 978-0415490023.
↑ James Brandon (May 10, 2006). "The Caliphate: One nation, under Allah, with 1.5 billion Muslims". The Christian Science Monitor. Amman, Jorday. สืบค้นเมื่อ May 26, 2012.
↑ Karl Vick (Jan 14, 2006). "Reunified Islam: Unlikely but Not Entirely Radical". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ May 26, 2012.
↑ Brigitte Gabriel (2008). They Must Be Stopped: Why We Must Defeat Radical Islam and How We Can Do It. St. Martin's Press. p. 10. ISBN 0312383630.
↑ Karsh, Efraim (2007). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-0300122633.

Kirby: Right Back at Ya!

星のカービィ (Hoshi no Kābī)
Kirby: Right Back at Ya!
ไฟล์:Kirbygroupsmall.jpg Japanese promotional poster
แนว	Comedy Fantasy
อนิเมะโทรทัศน์
กำกับโดย	Sōji Yoshikawa
อำนวยการโดย	Satoru Iwata Taihei Yamanashi Seiichi Hirano Takeyuki Okazaki
เขียนบทโดย	Sōji Yoshikawa
ดนตรีโดย	Akira Miyagawa
สตูดิโอ	Studio Sign Studio Comet
ถือสิทธิ์โดย	^{ออสตราเลเชีย} Magna Pacific (DVD) ^{แคนาดา} Nelvana (2002-2009) (TV) ^{อเมริกาเหนือ} 4Kids Entertainment (2002–2009) (TV) 20th Television (TV distribution) Funimation (VHS/DVD distribution released by 4Kids Home Video)
เครือข่าย	CBC, TBS, Kids Station, Tokyo MX
ฉาย	JP: October 6, 2001 – September 27, 2003 NA: September 14, 2002 – December 9, 2006
ตอน	100 (รายชื่อตอน)

Kirby: Right Back at Ya!, known in Japan as [Hoshi no Kirby] ข้อผิดพลาด: {{Lang-xx}}: ข้อความมีมาร์กอัปตัวเอียง (ช่วยเหลือ); โรมาจิ: 星のカービィ; ทับศัพท์: Hoshi no Kābī; Kirby of the Stars, is a Japanese anime series created by Warpstar, Inc. and based on Nintendo's Kirby franchise. The series ran for one hundred episodes from October 6, 2001 to September 27, 2003. The series aired on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting in Japan. In the United States, the show aired on Fox Box, beginning on September 14, 2002.^[1]

The anime follows Kirby, a pink, spherical, childlike creature who does not speak coherent words but possesses the ability to take on new magical powers temporarily by sucking up their owners. Kirby arrives on a planet called Popstar, near the village of Cappy Town, when his spaceship crashes there. He quickly befriends two yellow-skinned siblings named Tiff and Tuff and their friends Fololo and Falala. Over the course of the series, Kirby and his friends evade King Dedede and his assistant Escargoon, who try to get rid of Kirby using numerous monsters provided by NME (NightMare Enterprises).

The series aired extensively on 4Kids TV, as well as being picked up in numerous other languages across the world. Episodes have also been released on a channel for the Wii game console, and on the game compilation Kirby's Dream Collection.

Plot

Thousands of years ago, a being known as Nightmare appeared and created a company called Night Mare Enterprises, often abbreviated as N.M.E. (Holy Nightmare in the Japanese version). It was in truth a front for his great armies of monsters, which he used to take over much of the universe. They devastated countless planets using this massive army of creatures of all origins. But there were those who stood to combat his evil, in the form of the Star Warriors and the Galaxy Soldier Army. They fought for many thousands of years, but Nightmare's monsters outnumbered them, and killed most, forcing the survivors to retreat to parts unknown. However, everyone is quite surprised when Kirby's ship crashes close to Cappy Town (Pupupu Village in the Japanese sub) on the planet Popstar. They find he is tiny, round, and pink, unlike Tiff's now rejected desire of a strong knight she perceived to be the "Star Warrior". Despite his hardly warrior-like characteristics, he is quick to save anyone who is in danger, almost if by instinct. He is soon befriended by the siblings Tiff and Tuff, along with their friends Fololo and Falala. Together, the kids face off against Dream Land's tyrannical ruler and his brigade of brutes.

The ruler of Dream Land, King Dedede, is jealous and suspicious of Kirby from the start. He and his right-hand man Escargoon constantly try to get rid of Kirby with monsters provided by the company for a high fee, and ultimately, their plans always backfire when Kirby interferes. Just as in the games, Kirby can inhale enemies and temporarily gain their powers, transforming into forms such as Fire Kirby with the ability to spit flames, or Sword Kirby to literally slice foes into pieces.

Kirby grows and becomes stronger before his final battle with Nightmare. In the end when Kirby and Tiff face Nightmare, which is in a dream, Tiff throws the Warp Star at Kirby, who swallows it and becomes Star Rod Kirby. Star Rod Kirby has the Star Rod which is Nightmare's sole weakness, allowing Kirby to defeat him.

Characters

ญี่ปุ่น: Kirby; โรมาจิ: カービィ; ทับศัพท์: Kābī; ให้เสียงโดย: Makiko Ohmoto (ญี่ปุ่น); Amy Birnbaum in some scenes in the earlier episodes (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Kirby is a young Star Warrior. He is spoken of in legend as Kirby of the Stars, because a Star Warrior's ship is designed to go wherever monsters are. Kirby's ship detected the creatures Dedede was ordering and he was awakened 200 years before schedule. Due to this early awakening he is still only a child.

He does not speak much, only saying "poyo" and many other non-sensible words and sounds. Certain characters such as Kine and Meta Knight have acted as if they understand him and Kirby uses it quite expressively. Occasionally he speaks their language, his favorite word being "suika" (Japanese for watermelon) or repeating snippets people have said.

The official explanation of why Kirby rarely speaks is that his creator Masahiro Sakurai did not want him to. Characters who don't speak are often created that way to be seen as more endearing and easier to relate to. There is also the "window for the gamer" factor – this is expressed more in Mario of some of the Super Mario games or Link of the Legend of Zelda series, created by Shigeru Miyamoto. Soji Yoshikawa cited examples such as Snoopy and the like, but said it was rather difficult to have a main character who didn't speak clearly.

ญี่ปุ่น: Tiff; โรมาจิ: フーム; ทับศัพท์: Fumu; ให้เสียงโดย: Sayuri Yoshida (ญี่ปุ่น); Kerry Williams (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Tiff is the daughter of the Cabinet Minister. She has lived in Dedede's castle her entire life due to the wealth of her parents. She's very intelligent for her age, with much of her interest being in the environment, with her favorite subject being marine biology. She can also be short-tempered and definitely speaks her mind on things, especially when she thinks King Dedede is up to no good, though sometimes her intelligence is scoffed by the fellow Cappies. Tiff is the only one who can summon Kirby's Warp Star when he is in danger, for Meta Knight said that Kirby cannot keep it safe himself, so she can control it because she truly cares for him.

ญี่ปุ่น: Tuff; โรมาจิ: ブン; ทับศัพท์: Bun; ให้เสียงโดย: Rika Komatsu (ญี่ปุ่น); Kayzie Rogers (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Tuff is the younger brother of Tiff, who sports shaggy hair with hidden arcane eyes (oddly never mentioned by his friends). He is in many ways her complete opposite, preferring to play outside rather than read books. He can be quite a troublemaker, even when he's really trying to help, usually tending to fall short to Dedede's schemes. He is typically impetuous and always getting into mischief, such as pulling pranks and cracking jokes but is now friends with Kirby, even though he gets jealous of him sometimes.

ญี่ปุ่น: King Dedede; โรมาจิ: デデデ大王; ทับศัพท์: Dedede Daiō; ให้เสียงโดย: Kenichi Ogata (ญี่ปุ่น); Ted Lewis (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); King Dedede is the self-proclaimed ruler of Dream Land. Despite the fact Dedede is greedy, scheming, jealous of Kirby, and even outright sadistic, even going as far as to say that people's suffering amuses him, no one has ever tried to dethrone him, despite the fact that he also commonly threatens the children and environment. He's actually harmless for the most part, but his intense dislike of Kirby compels him to purchase monsters from HolyNightMare Co. (NightMare Enterprises in the dub) and cause mayhem for the people of Dream Land. He loves buying new "toys" and acts like a spoiled child, despite his age. He is often jealous of the attention Kirby gets, and while at first he even wanted to defeat Kirby, later he focuses more on trying to kick him out or just make him look bad. He does have a kinder, gentler side, but it only shows in the most extreme of circumstances. For the comical effect in the dub, he and Escargoon frequently use alliteration, irony, puns, commentary, and large vocabulary for entertainment.

ญี่ปุ่น: Escargoon; โรมาจิ: エスカルゴン; ทับศัพท์: Esukarugon; ให้เสียงโดย: Naoki Tatsuta (ญี่ปุ่น); Ted Lewis (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Escargoon, an anthropomorphic snail, lived with his mother on a farm before leaving to make it big. But despite the fact Escargoon is well-educated, knowing a great deal about chemistry and electronics (even writing a book on botany), he's been working for Dedede for many years as an assistant and punching bag. But it seems that he truly cares for the king and is always concerned for his welfare, despite the abuse he receives from him on a daily basis. While Escargoon usually goes along with what Dedede wants and helps him with his schemes, he may actually be a nice guy at heart who only acts mean because he wants Dedede's approval.

ญี่ปุ่น: Meta Knight; โรมาจิ: メタナイト; ทับศัพท์: Meta Naito; ให้เสียงโดย: Atsushi Kisaichi (ญี่ปุ่น); Eric Stuart (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Meta Knight works for Dedede as well, along with his followers Sword Knight and Blade Knight. However, it is revealed that Meta Knight is a Star Warrior like Kirby, and one of the only ones to survive the war with Nightmare. He carries the sacred sword Galaxia, which only a select few can wield. Meta Knight appears as a sort of mentor, helping Kirby and others, though only when he absolutely has to. He has a habit of appearing seemingly from nowhere, helping Kirby and his friends in times of need. In the original, his voice actor is serious, with occasional random English thrown in, possibly in reference to Meta Knight being similar to English knights, with honor and courage. He is the second strongest Star Warrior in the universe, after Kirby.

ญี่ปุ่น: Customer Service; โรมาจิ: カスタマーサービス; ทับศัพท์: Kasutamā Sābisu; ให้เสียงโดย: Banjō Ginga (ญี่ปุ่น); Dan Green (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); As the public face of Nightmare Enterprises, he handles much of the company's sales (and advertising) from the center of Nightmare's Fortress. In both the Japanese and English versions he can be quite sarcastic, and enjoys finding ways to make things difficult for King Dedede, although he is much more subtle about it in the original. In the English dub, he went through a drastic personality change; his persona is more that of the stereotypical "slimy used-car salesman", using a large amount of slang. In the original, his image is that of a polite Japanese salesperson, using a large amount of honorific language (even when he insults customers like Dedede). The English dub makes it seem like he wants nothing more but to defraud or swindle Dedede for every nickel he has, rather than actually helping him.

ญี่ปุ่น: Nightmare; โรมาจิ: ナイトメア; ทับศัพท์: Naitomea; ให้เสียงโดย: Banjō Ginga (ญี่ปุ่น); Andrew Rannells, Michael Sinterniklaas (3D special) (อังกฤษ); (ไทย); Nightmare is the main antagonist of the series and the president of Nightmare Enterprises. Nightmare only appears in the shadows for most of the series. His full form is only seen at the very end of the penultimate episode and in the series finale. Very little is known about him or his origins, but as his name suggests, he is a living nightmare. He thrives on suffering, creating monsters to sell in his company and use in his armies to continue his conquest of the universe in order to bring himself more power. He also gives off the illusion of being invincible, since he can open his cloak and suck all attacks into the area where his stomach and chest should be.

Episodes

List of Kirby: Right Back at Ya! episodes

Production

The series was produced by Warpstar Inc., a company formed between a joint investment between Nintendo and HAL Laboratory, Inc.^[2]

Producer Soji Yoshikawa speaks in length about the challenges faced by the creators of the anime. He expressed concern as most video game to anime adaptations do not go well, but as time went on, he says he began to see a character with strength, and felt it could be successful.^[3]

Two of the main challenges were set by Kirby's creator Masahiro Sakurai. He said there were to be no humans, and Kirby must not speak.^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]} Yoshikawa says in his interview how difficult it was to have a main character who does not speak, as well as coming up with entirely unique settings and characters. Kirby is unusual in that it has no humans in the cast. He likens it to the Finnish series The Moomins, which was quite popular in Japan. Sometimes, Kirby, King Dedede, Escargoon, and other characters are shown in 3D mode.

The series contained occasional references to non-Japanese culture. One episode, "A Novel Approach", featured a fictional novel titled Pappy Pottey and the Fool's Stone—a parody of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone—that was popular in Cappy Town.^[4]

To celebrate the release of Kirby Air Ride in Japan, a special DVD was released with a popular video gaming magazine. It had clips from episodes and different games, and also a short "pilot anime" that seemsแม่แบบ:Original research inline to be an early form of the show. No information was given about it, and it was not narrated with any voice acting. It was done in a mix of 3D computer graphics and 2D animation, much like the final series. When Kirby's Warp Star crashes down onto a planet (presumably Pop Star), a young, yellow skinned girl in a tiara who resembles Tiff is the first to find him. The two soon become friends, but Dedede, likelyแม่แบบ:Original research inline to be the princess' angry father, also appears. He tries to get rid of Kirby with a series of weapons and pranks reminiscent of Wile E. Coyote, but each plot fails or backfires, leaving Kirby unharmed. Kirby then gives him a hot dog on a fork, completely unaware of what was going on, causing Dedede to start crying. At the end, dark clouds appear along with animated versions of many Kirby game enemies, such as Dark Matter, Ice Dragon and Meta Knight. But Kirby quickly goes into battle, inhaling them to gain their powers. Though he doesn't gain his signature hats as with the current anime, he does gain their abilities. Kirby defeats them all, and he, Dedede, and Tiff are happy. All of a sudden, Nightmare appears and attacks the trio with an electric shock. Kirby wakes up on his Warp Star, only to find that his adventure was all a strange dream.

Game differences

The anime was closely supervised by the same people who worked on the games, including Kirby's creator Masahiro Sakurai. In an interview with Famitsu, he said, "I was considerably involved with the production of the anime. The aim was to create an anime that could be enjoyed by children and parents the same as the games. At first, 'Kirby' began as a game that even a beginner could enjoy. I believe such a spirit was achieved in the anime."^[5]

One of the largest differences from the games is how Kirby is changed to be a legendary Star Warrior fated to save Pop Star. In the games, he isn't described as being any kind of special soldier, nor are there any legends associated with him. (Star Warriors are a concept unique to the anime.) Although it has always been hinted that Kirby is young, Kirby's age is lowered even more so he is only a baby, likely to act as an explanation for why he doesn't talk as Sakurai mandated. While many characters from the games appear, they are often changed slightly to better fit in, including certain enemies actually aiding the protagonists throughout the episodes. Another major difference is how Dedede and Meta Knight lose certain abilities in the anime. Meta Knight is never shown with wings (although in the original test pilot [see above] he was shown as an enemy and has his wings) or flying abilities, and he is never seen without his mask on. Dedede is unable to float or inhale, and has a more antagonistic personality.

4Kids adaptation

ไฟล์:Textedit.jpg

The English dub often removed any visible text

When adapted by 4Kids Productions and dubbed into English for North America, the anime was edited: content that was deemed inappropriate for American and Canadian audiences, including guns and alcoholic beverages, ended up cut out completely and some had to be changed to other non-offensive imagery. Some of the visible text, whether it was English, Japanese, or even gibberish, still had to be digitally removed. However, direct references to Japanese foods or culture (such as onigiri) were not removed, but rewritten for context. However, the Galaxy Soldier Army subplot was removed entirely, and all soldiers are referred to as Star Warriors.

The Japanese score was completely replaced. The original Japanese score played a mass variety of music to fit the individual moods of each scene (relaxed, heroic, comedic, etc.), while the dub score songs still did fit the individual moods of each scene but in their own way. Some of the original sound effects were retained, while some of them were replaced with a new sound effect when, for instance, a sound effect could not be retained. Some of the sound effects in the original version were already in 4Kids' sound library.

A few of the characters received different accents in the English dub. For example, Meta Knight speaks using a Spanish accent to complement his Zorro-like qualities; and King Dedede speaks using a non-rhotic Southern American dialect, while he originally spoke proper Japanese, albeit having a verbal tic of Dedede and Escargoon ending all sentences with "zoi" (ぞい) & "degesu" (でゲス), Ted Lewis voiced both King Dedede and Escargoon. Makiko Ōmoto's performance of Kirby is the only voice that was preserved in almost the entirety of the English dub, much like Ikue Ōtani's voicework as Pikachu.

Some episodes were aired out of their original order, sometimes to put a holiday-themed episode closer to that holiday or to coincide with an event that was happening at the time. For example, "A Novel Approach", which parodied the Harry Potter books, was moved to air in conjunction with one of the real books' release. Sometimes episodes were aired earlier to advertise new Kirby games, one controversial^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]} example took episodes 96 and 97, "Crisis of the Warp Star" from the finale of the series and aired them near the middle as the television special "Air Ride in Style" to advertise the Kirby Air Ride game for the Nintendo GameCube. Because these episodes were at a major climax in the show, certain scenes from the special were edited to make it look like Tiff and Kirby were having a "prophetic dream" rather than the events actually happening. The episodes were placed in the original order and sans these edits for the Kirby: Fright to the Finish!! DVD of the final episodes. The movie was distributed by 20th Century Fox and Fox Searchlight Pictures.

Michael Haigney originally stated in an interview that the Fox Network would not let it air the episode "A Dental Dilemma" because it shows dentists in a bad light and could scare children (although it was meant to encourage children to brush their teeth and go to a dentist if they thought they had a cavity).^[6] This applied to all other countries that used the 4Kids dub as well. The episode did eventually get dubbed, but it was aired under a third season, along with some other episodes in the line-up.

Broadcast history

In Japan, the series has aired on Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Co., Ltd. since October 6, 2001,^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]} ending in 2003 after 100 episodes.^[7] After a preview on September 1, 2002, 4Kids aired the series on 4Kids TV (formerly known as FoxBox) from September 14, 2002^[8] to late 2006. The North American version of the anime was distributed by 4Kids Entertainment, HAL Laboratory, Inc.^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]}, and 20th Television.

The series began rebroadcasting in Japan on June 28, 2007 on the Tokyo MX station, then on June 21, 2008 in the US, Saturday mornings at 11am EST on 4Kids TV, and ended along with all other 4Kids TV shows on December 27, 2008. On June 6, 2009, Kirby, along with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Fast Forward, rebroadcast in the US again, and aired at 7:30am EST on The CW4Kids. The series used to be seen on 4Kids's video on demand service and on www.4Kids.tv. However, the show was removed from the 4Kids TV website in October 2009 as 4Kids Entertainment only held the rights to the show till September 2009.^[9] A moderator on the 4Kids forums stated in November 2009 that 4Kids no longer holds the license.^[10] Since May 21, 2009, the Tokyo MX website has stated that the show has been removed from the air.^[11]

Since 2009, the series was available for streaming via the Everyone's Theater Channel for the Wii in Japan only, with each episode worth 100 Wii Points,^[12] but on April 30, 2012, Nintendo terminated broadcast of the Wii no Ma channel. On June 23, 2011, the show has made a comeback to Europe and Australian audiences on the Wii, for the first time as the Kirby TV Channel, which expired on December 15, 2011. This service also returns in April 2012, however, the same episodes will be available, rather than the other half. A special CG animated episode, titled ญี่ปุ่น: "Take it Down!! The Crustation Monster Ebizou"; โรมาจิ: 倒せ!!甲殻魔獣エビゾウ; ทับศัพท์: Taose!! Kōkaku Majū Ebizou was released for the Wii no Ma service in Japan on August 9, 2009.^[13] A stereoscopic 3D version of the episode was dubbed by 4Kids and streamed internationally in two parts on the Nintendo 3DS' Nintendo Video service in January 2012, under the title "Kirby 3D".^[14] With the release of Kirby's Dream Collection for Kirby's 20th anniversary, three complete episodes are available to watch on the Wii via that disc.^[15]

Theme songs

Japanese

Openings:

"Kirby * March" (カービィ★マーチ) (Episodes 1-71)
"Kirby!" (カービィ!) (Episodes 72-100; Also used in the Japanese version of Donkey Konga)

Endings:

"Kihon wa maru" (きほんはまる) (Episodes 1-71)
"Kirby * Step!" (カービィ☆ステップ!) (Episodes 72-100)
Composed by Akira Miyagawa

English

"Kirby Kirby Kirby!" (Also used in the North American version of Donkey Konga as "Kirby: Right Back At Ya!")
Composed by Ralph Schuckett, Manny Corallo, Wayne Sharpe, John VanTongeren, Louis Cortelezzi, Rusty Andrews, Peter Scaturro, Norman J. Grossfeld, Anne Pope, Liz Magro, John Sands, John Siegler, and Jonathan Lattif

Home video releases

All North American DVD releases of Kirby: Right Back at Ya! were released by 4Kids Home Video and licensed by Funimation Entertainment. The 2005 DVD release of Kirby: Fright to the Finish!! was a compilation of the final five episodes of the television series edited together to create a feature-length film.

Kirby: Right Back at Ya! Volume 1: Kirby Comes to Cappytown (November 12, 2002)^[16]
Kirby: Right Back at Ya! Volume 2: A Dark and Stormy Knight (January 7, 2003)^[17]
Kirby: Right Back At Ya! Volume 3: Kirby's Egg-Cellent Adventure (November 4, 2003)^[18]
Kirby: Fright to the Finish!! (June 14, 2005)^[19]
Kirby's Adventures in Cappytown (February 19, 2008)
Kirby: Cappy New Year & Other Kirby Adventures (December 9, 2008)

On May 6, 2010, the first 26 episodes were released on DVD in complete season format in Taiwan.^[20] ^[21]

Three episodes from the series were included in the 2012 video game compilation Kirby's Dream Collection.^[22]

International broadcast

Brazil - Jetix Fox Kids and Disney XD
Albania - Vizion Plus
Chile - ETC TV
Italy - Italia 1 and K2
Germany - Disney Channel
United Kingdom - Pop
Mexico - Jetix and Disney XD
Spain - Toon Disney (2003–2009)
France - TF1 and Télétoon+
South Korea - Tooniverse
Venezuela - Cartoon Network
Philippines - QTV 11
Russia - 2x2 and Karusel
Turkey - Cartoon Network and Turkish Radio and Television Corporation
Taiwan - Disney Channel
Hungary - Minimax
Poland - TVP1
Greece - ERT1
Israel - Arutz HaYeladim
Estonia - ETV2
Denmark - TV2
Finland - Yle TV2
Iceland - RÚV (television channel)
Norway - NRK Super
Sweden - Kanal 5
Ukraine - Inter
Netherlands - NPO 3
Canada - Teletoon
United States - Fox (Fox Box, 4Kids TV), The CW (The CW4Kids)

Reception

David Sanchez from GameZone found the show "awesome" and specifically praised Escargoon, whom he called "one of the best contributions to the Kirby franchise thanks to his dimwitted attitude and obvious stupidity" and suggested should be in the fourth Super Smash Bros. game.^[23] However, Common Sense Media described the English dub as "a stab at educational value, but really all about fighting monsters",^[24] Christina Carpenter from THEM Anime described the show as "more pandering kiddy fluff from the Fox Box".^[25] Bamboo Dong of Anime News Network cited Kirby: Right Back at Ya! as one of several examples of anime series that "exist only to be made fun of" and stated that "the series really isn't that good at all" and would only be enjoyed by loyal Kirby fans.^[26]

References

↑ Erickson, Hal (2005). Television Cartoon Shows: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, 1949 Through 2003 (2nd ed.). McFarland & Co. pp. 482–483. ISBN 978-1476665993.
↑ "HAL Laboratory: Company Profile". N-Sider. October 5, 2005. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.
↑ カービィを手がけた監督に直撃！アニメ界の大御所、吉川惣司監督インタビュー (ภาษาJapanese). Nintendo.co.jp. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (ลิงก์)
↑ Hernandez, Pedro (July 12, 2011). "When Kirby (Briefly) Became Harry Potter". Nintendo World Report. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 11, 2014.
↑ "【NEWS】テレビでカービィの活躍が見られるぞ！アニメ『星のカービィ』制作発表会". Famitsu. August 21, 2001. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.
↑ "mr. michael haigney interview (4kids)". Anime Boredom. February 12, 2006. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ March 24, 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.
↑ "Archived copy" 星のカービィストーリー (ภาษาJapanese). Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ June 1, 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (ลิงก์) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (ลิงก์)
↑ "Nintendo's Kirby Cartoon to Sneak Preview this Weekend". Gamers Hell. August 31, 2002. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 31, 2014.
↑ "4Kids Entertainment Annual Report 2004" (PDF). March 16, 2005. p. 7. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ March 9, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 2, 2016.
↑ "4kids forums: Where, oh Where, has Kirby Gone?". November 16, 2009. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ March 1, 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ Dec 9, 2009.
↑ "Tokyo MX's official site for Kirby of the Stars". MXTV. May 21, 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 3, 2010.
↑ "The Wii no Ma's list of Kirby episodes". June 4, 2011. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ March 16, 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ Jun 4, 2011.
↑ "星のカービィ～特別編～番組の紹介「Wiiの間」ホームページ" (ภาษาJapanese). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ February 11, 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (ลิงก์)
↑ "Kirby: Right Back At Ya! Volume 1". Nintendo.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.
↑ Osborne, Matthew (July 17, 2012). "Kirby's Dream Collection: Special Edition". Nintendo World Report. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 12, 2014.
↑ "4Kids Entertainment Home Video Announces Kirby's Home Video Debut With Kirby Comes To Cappy Town" (PDF). 4kidsentertainment.com. November 12, 2002. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ June 14, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ August 21, 2016.
↑ "A Dark and Stormy Knight". 4kidshomevideo.com. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ February 17, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 8, 2016.
↑ "4Kids Entertainment Home Video Brings Kirby:Right Back At Ya!With Release Of Kirby's Egg-Cellent Adventure On November 4, 2003" (PDF). 4kidsentertainment.com. November 4, 2003. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ June 14, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ August 24, 2016.
↑ "Kirby Comes Right Back At Ya With His First Full-Length Movie From 4Kids Entertainment" (PDF). 4kidsentertainment.com. April 13, 2005. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ February 15, 2006. สืบค้นเมื่อ August 16, 2016.
↑ "Kirby DVD Box Set 1 from Taiwan". May 6, 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ Feb 6, 2011.
↑ "Kirby DVD Box Set 2 from Taiwan". May 6, 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ Feb 6, 2011.
↑ Sterling, Jim (September 19, 2012). "Review: Kirby's Dream Collection". Destructoid. สืบค้นเมื่อ June 10, 2020.
↑ Sanchez, David (2012). "Ten Nintendo characters that should be in the next Smash Bros". GameZone. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 31, 2014.
↑ Galguera, Robin. "Kirby: Right Back at Ya". Common Sense Media. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ August 18, 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 11, 2014.
↑ Carpenter, Christina. "Kirby: Right Back at Ya". THEM Anime. สืบค้นเมื่อ January 6, 2010.
↑ Dong, Bamboo (February 9, 2003). "Shelf Life: Some anime series are like popular J-Rock bands". Anime News Network. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 11, 2014.

External links

แม่แบบ:Kirby series แม่แบบ:Studio Comet

Eid al-Adha

Eid al-Adha
Blessings for Eid al-Adha in Arabic
ชื่อทางการ	عيد الأضحى Eid al-Adha
จัดขึ้นโดย	Muslims and Druze
ประเภท	Islamic
ความสำคัญ	Commemoration of Ibrahim (Abraham)'s willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience of a command from God End of the annual Hajj to Mecca
การถือปฏิบัติ	Eid prayers, animal sacrifice, charity, social gatherings, festive meals, gift-giving
เริ่ม	10 Dhu al-Hijjah nbm,
สิ้นสุด	13 Dhu al-Hijjah
ส่วนเกี่ยวข้อง	Hajj; Eid al-Fitr

แม่แบบ:Islamic Culture Eid al-Adha (อาหรับ: عيد الأضحى, อักษรโรมัน: ʿīd al-ʾaḍḥā, แปลตรงตัว 'Feast of the Sacrifice', สัทอักษรสากล: [ʕiːd alˈʔadˤħaː]) or Eid Qurban (เปอร์เซีย: عيد قربان), Qurban Bayrami (อาเซอร์ไบจาน: Qurban Bayramı), Tafaska tameqrant (กลุ่มภาษาเบอร์เบอร์: Amazigh), also called the "Festival of the Sacrifice", is the second of two Islamic holidays celebrated worldwide each year (the other being Eid al-Fitr), and considered the holier of the two. It honours the willingness of Ibrahim (Abraham) to sacrifice his son as an act of obedience to God's command. But, before Ibrahim could sacrifice his son, God provided a lamb to sacrifice instead. In commemoration of this intervention, an animal, usually a sheep, is sacrificed ritually and divided into three parts. One share is given to the poor and needy, another is kept for home, and the third is given to relatives.

In the Islamic lunar calendar, Eid al-Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al-Hijjah, and lasts for three days. In the international (Gregorian) calendar, the dates vary from year to year shifting approximately 11 days earlier each year.

Other names

In languages other than Arabic, the name is often simply translated into the local language, such as English Feast of the Sacrifice, German Opferfest, Dutch Offerfeest, Romanian Sărbătoarea Sacrificiului, and Hungarian Áldozati ünnep. In Spanish it is known as Fiesta del Cordero^[1] or Fiesta del Borrego (both meaning "festival of the lamb"). In Kurdish it is known as (Cejna Qurbanê / جەژنی قوربان). It is also known as Eid Qurban (عید قربان) in Persian speaking countries such as Afghanistan and Iran, Kurban Bayramı^[2]^[3] in Turkey, Qurban Bayramı in Azerbaijan, কোরবানীর ঈদ in Bangladesh, as عید الكبير the big Feast in the Maghreb, as Iduladha, Hari Raya Aidiladha, Hari Raya Haji or Hari Raya Korban in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines, as بکرا عید "Goat Eid" or بڑی عید "Greater Eid" in India and Pakistan, Bakara Eid in Trinidad and Tobago, as Tabaski or Tobaski in The Gambia, Guinea, and Senegal (most probably borrowed from the Serer language – and an ancient Serer religious festival^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]), and as Odún Iléyá by the Yorúbà people of Nigeria^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

The following names are used as other names of Eid al-Adha:

عیدالاضحیٰ (transliterations of the Arabic name)^[12] is used in Urdu, Hindi, Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, and Austronesian languages such as Malay and Indonesian.
العيد الكبير meaning "Greater Eid" (the "Lesser Eid" being Eid al-Fitr)^[13] is used in Yemen, Syria, and North Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt). Local language translations are used لوی اختر in Pashto, Kashmiri (Baed Eid), Urdu and Hindi (Baṛī Īd), বড় ঈদ in Bengali, Tamil (Peru Nāl, "Great Day") and Malayalam (Bali Perunnal, "Great Day of Sacrifice") as well as Manding varieties in West Africa such as Bambara, Maninka, Jula etc. (ߛߊߟߌߓߊ Seliba, "Big/great prayer").
عید البقرة (eid al-baqara) meaning "the Feast of Cows (also sheep or goats)" is used in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East. Although the word ‏بقرة‎ properly means a cow, it is also semantically extended to mean all livestock, especially sheep or goats. This extension is used in Hindi and Urdu as a very similar name ईद-उल-अज़हा (īd-ul-azhā, 'the Feast of goat') is used for the occasion.
The Feast of Sacrifice is used in Uzbekistan.
The Hajj Feast^[8]^[9] is used in Malaysian and Indonesian, in the Philippines.
Big Sallah in Nigeria, as it is considered to be holier than Eid al-Fitr (which is locally known as the "Small Sallah").^[14] "Ram Sallah" is also used, as it refers to the rams that are being sacrificed on that day.

Etymology

The word عيد (ʿīd) means 'festival', 'celebration', 'feast day', or 'holiday'. It itself is a triliteral root ‏عيد‎ with associated root meanings of "to go back, to rescind, to accrue, to be accustomed, habits, to repeat, to be experienced; appointed time or place, anniversary, feast day."^[15]^[16] Arthur Jeffery contests this etymology, and believes the term to have been borrowed into Arabic from Syriac, or less likely Targumic Aramaic.^[17]

The words أضحى (aḍḥā) and قربان (qurbān) are synonymous in meaning 'sacrifice' (animal sacrifice), 'offering' or 'oblation'. The first word comes from the triliteral root ضحى (ḍaḥḥā) with associated meanings of "immolate ; offer up ; sacrifice ; victimize."^[18] No occurrence of this root with a meaning related to sacrifice occurs in the Qur'an^[15] but in the Hadith literature. Arab Christians use the term to mean the Eucharistic host. The second word derives from the triliteral root ‏‏قرب‎‎ (qaraba) with associated meanings of "closeness, proximity... to moderate; kinship...; to hurry; ...to seek, to seek water sources...; scabbard, sheath; small boat; sacrifice."^[16] Arthur Jeffery recognizes the same Semitic root, but believes the sense of the term to have entered Arabic through Aramaic.^[17] Compare Hebrew korban קָרבן (qorbān).

Origin

One of the main trials of Ibrahim's life was to face the command of God by sacrificing his beloved son.^[19]. In Islam, Ibrahim kept having dreams that he was sacrificing his son Ismael. Ibrahim knew that this was a command from God and he told his son, as stated in the Quran "O'son, I keep dreaming that I am slaughtering you", Ismael replied " Father, do what you are ordered to do." Ibraham prepared to submit to the will of God and prepared to slaughter his son as an act of faith and obedience to God.^[20] During this preparation, Shaytaan (the Devil) tempted Ibraham and his family by trying to dissuade them from carrying out God's commandment, and Ibraham drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. In commemoration of their rejection of Satan, stones are thrown at symbolic pillars Stoning of the Devil during Hajj rites.^[21]

Acknowledging that Ibrahim was willing to sacrifice what is dear to him, God the almighty honoured both Ibrahim and Ismael. Jibreel (Gabriel) called Ibrahim "O' Ibrahim, you have fulfilled the revelations." and a Ram from heaven was offered by Jibreel to prophet Ibrahim to slaughter instead of Ismael. Muslims worldwide celebrate Eid al Adha to commemorate both the devotion of Ibrahim and the survival of Ismael.^[22]^[23]^[24]

This story is known as the Akedah in Judaism (Binding of Isaac) and originates in the Torah,^[25] the first book of Moses (Genesis, Ch. 22). The Quran refers to the Akedah as follows:^[26]

100 "O my Lord! Grant me a righteous (son)!"
101 So We gave him the good news of a boy ready to suffer and forbear.
102 Then, when (the son) reached (the age of) (serious) work with him, he said: "O my son! I see in vision that I offer thee in sacrifice: Now see what is thy view!" (The son) said: "O my father! Do as thou art commanded: thou will find me if Allah so wills one practicing Patience and Constancy!"
103 So when they had both submitted their wills (to Allah), and he had laid him prostrate on his forehead (for sacrifice),
104 We called out to him "O Ibraham!
105 "Thou hast already fulfilled the vision!" – thus indeed do We reward those who do right.
106 For this was obviously a trial–
107 And We ransomed him with a momentous sacrifice:
108 And We left (this blessing) for him among generations (to come) in later times:
109 "Peace and salutation to Abraham!"
110 Thus indeed do We reward those who do right.
111 For he was one of our believing Servants.
112 And We gave him the good news of Isaac – a prophet – one of the Righteous.

— Quran, sura 37 (Aṣ-Ṣāffāt), āyāt 100–112^[27]

The word "Eid" appears once in Al-Ma'ida, the fifth sura of the Quran, with the meaning "solemn festival".^[28]

Purpose of Sacrifice "Qurbani" in Eid al-Adha

The purpose of Qurbani or Sacrifice in Eid al-Adha is not about shedding of blood just to satisfy Allah. It is about sacrificing something devotees love the most to show their devotion to Allah. It is also obligatory to share the meat of the sacrificed animal in three equivalent parts - for family, for relatives and friends, and for poor people. The celebration has a clear message of devotion, kindness and equality. It is said that the meat will not reach to Allah, nor will the blood, but what reaches him is the devotion of devotees.^[29]

Eid prayers

Devotees offer the Eid al-Adha prayers at the mosque. The Eid al-Adha prayer is performed any time after the sun completely rises up to just before the entering of Zuhr time, on the 10th of Dhu al-Hijjah. In the event of a force majeure (e.g. natural disaster), the prayer may be delayed to the 11th of Dhu al-Hijjah and then to the 12th of Dhu al-Hijjah.^[30]

Eid prayers must be offered in congregation. Participation of women in the prayer congregation varies from community to community.^[31] It consists of two rakats (units) with seven takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah. For Shia Muslims, Salat al-Eid differs from the five daily canonical prayers in that no adhan (call to prayer) or iqama (call) is pronounced for the two Eid prayers.^[32]^[33] The salat (prayer) is then followed by the khutbah, or sermon, by the Imam.

At the conclusion of the prayers and sermon, Muslims embrace and exchange greetings with one another (Eid Mubarak), give gifts and visit one another. Many Muslims also take this opportunity to invite their more intelligent friends, neighbours, co-workers and classmates to their Eid festivities to better acquaint them about Islam and Muslim culture.^[34]

Traditions and practices

During Eid al-Adha, distributing meat amongst the people, chanting the takbir out loud before the Eid prayers on the first day and after prayers throughout the three days of Eid, are considered essential parts of this important Islamic festival.^[35]

The takbir consists of:^[36]

الله أكبر الله أكبر
لا إله إلا الله
الله أكبر الله أكبر
ولله الحمد

Allāhu akbar, allāhu akbar
lā ilāha illā-llāh
allāhu akbar, allāhu akbar
walillāhi l-ḥamd^[a]

Men, women, and children are expected to dress in their finest clothing to perform Eid prayer in a large congregation in an open waqf ("stopping") field called Eidgah or mosque. Affluent Muslims who can afford it sacrifice their best halal domestic animals (usually a cow, but can also be a camel, goat, sheep, or ram depending on the region) as a symbol of Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his only son.^[37] The sacrificed animals, called aḍḥiya (อาหรับ: أضحية), known also by the Perso-Arabic term qurbāni, have to meet certain age and quality standards or else the animal is considered an unacceptable sacrifice.^[38] In Pakistan alone nearly ten million animals are slaughtered on Eid days costing over US$2.0 billion.^[39]

The meat from the sacrificed animal is preferred to be divided into three parts. The family retains one-third of the share; another third is given to relatives, friends, and neighbors; and the remaining third is given to the poor and needy.^[37]

Muslims wear their new or best clothes. Women cook special sweets, including ma'amoul (filled shortbread cookies). They gather with family and friends.^[30]

Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar

While Eid al-Adha is always on the same day of the Islamic calendar, the date on the Gregorian calendar varies from year to year since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. The lunar calendar is approximately eleven days shorter than the solar calendar.^[40] Each year, Eid al-Adha (like other Islamic holidays) falls on one of about two to four different Gregorian dates in different parts of the world, because the boundary of crescent visibility is different from the International Date Line.

The following list shows the official dates of Eid al-Adha for Saudi Arabia as announced by the Supreme Judicial Council. Future dates are estimated according to the Umm al-Qura calendar of Saudi Arabia.^[41] The Umm al-Qura is just a guide for planning purposes and not the absolute determinant or fixer of dates. Confirmations of actual dates by moon sighting are applied on the 29th day of the lunar month prior to Dhu al-Hijjah^[42] to announce the specific dates for both Hajj rituals and the subsequent Eid festival. The three days after the listed date are also part of the festival. The time before the listed date the pilgrims visit the Mount Arafat and descend from it after sunrise of the listed day.

In many countries, the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities, so the exact day of celebration varies by locality.

Islamic year	Gregorian date
1438	1 September 2017
1439	22 August 2018
1440	11 August 2019
1441	31 July 2020 (calculated)
1442	20 July 2021 (calculated)

Notes

↑

Allah is the greatest, Allah is the greatest,
There is no god but Allah
Allah is greatest, Allah is greatest
and to Allah goes all praise.^[30]

References

↑ (ในภาษาสเปน) La Fiesta del Cordero en Marruecos, Ferdaous Emorotene, 25 November 2009
↑ Aksan, Yeşim; Aksan, Mustafa; Mersinli, Ümit; Demirhan, Umut Ufuk (2017). A Frequency Dictionary of Turkish. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-83965-6.
↑ Öztopçu, Kurtuluş; Abuov, Zhoumagaly; Kambarov, Nasir; Azemoun, Youssef (1996). Dictionary of the Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-14198-2.
↑ Diouf, Niokhobaye, « Chronique du royaume du Sine », suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin (1972). Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 34, série B, no 4, 1972, p. 706–07 (p. 4–5), p. 713–14 (p. 9–10)
↑ « Cosaani Sénégambie » (« L’Histoire de la Sénégambie») : 1ere Partie relatée par Macoura Mboub du Sénégal. 2eme Partie relatée par Jebal Samba de la Gambie [in] programme de Radio Gambie: « Chosaani Senegambia ». Présentée par: Alhaji Mansour Njie. Directeur de programme: Alhaji Alieu Ebrima Cham Joof. Enregistré a la fin des années 1970, au début des années 1980 au studio de Radio Gambie, Bakau, en Gambie (2eme partie) et au Sénégal (1ere partie) [in] onegambia.com [in] The Seereer Resource Centre (SRC) (« le Centre de Resource Seereer ») : URL: http://www.seereer.com. Traduit et transcrit par The Seereer Resource Centre : Juillet 2014 [1] p. 30 (retrieved: 25 September 2015)
↑ Brisebarre, Anne-Marie; Kuczynski, Liliane, « La Tabaski au Sénégal: une fête musulmane en milieu urbain », KARTHALA Editions (2009), pp. 86–87, ISBN 978-2811102449[2] (retrieved : 25 September 2015)
↑ Becker, Charles; Martin, Victor; Ndène, Aloyse, « Traditions villageoises du Siin », (Révision et édition par Charles Becker) (2014), p. 41
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Bianchi, Robert R. (11 August 2004). Guests of God: Pilgrimage and Politics in the Islamic World. Oxford University Press. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-19-029107-5.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Ramzy, Sheikh (2012). The Complete Guide to Islamic Prayer (Salāh) (ภาษาอังกฤษ). ISBN 978-1477215302.
↑ Chanchreek, Jain; Chanchreek, K. L.; Jain, M. K. (2007). Encyclopaedia of Great Festivals (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Shree Publishers & Distributors. p. 78. ISBN 978-8183291910.
↑ Kazim, Ebrahim (2010). Scientific Commentary of Suratul Faateḥah. Pharos Media & Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 978-81-7221-037-3.
↑ "Eid Al Adha (Sacrifice Feast of Muslims)". Prayer Times NYC. 8 August 2017. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 8 August 2017. สืบค้นเมื่อ 7 August 2017.
↑ Noakes, Greg (April–May 1992). "Issues in Islam, All About Eid". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011.
↑ "Eid-el-Kabir All you need to know about Sallah – Pulse Nigeria".
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Oxford Arabic Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0-19-958033-0.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Badawi, Elsaid M.; Abdel Haleem, Muhammad (2008). Arabic–English Dictionary of Qur'anic Usage. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-14948-9.
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Jeffery, Arthur (2007). The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qur'ān. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-15352-3.
↑ Team, Almaany. "Translation and Meaning of ضحى In English, English Arabic Dictionary of terms Page 1". almaany.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 August 2019.
↑ Staff, Writer. "Abraham". Encyclopædia Britannica.
↑ Bate, John Drew (1884). An Examination of the Claims of Ishmael as Viewed by Muḥammadans. BiblioBazaar. p. 2. ISBN 978-1117148366. Ishmael sacrifice.
↑ Firestone, Reuven (1990). Journeys in Holy Lands: The Evolution of the -Ishmael Legends in Islamic Exegesis. SUNY Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0791403310.
↑ "The Significance of Hari Raya Aidiladha". muslim.sg. สืบค้นเมื่อ 17 October 2019.
↑ Elias, Jamal J. (1999). Islam. Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-415-21165-9. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 October 2012.
↑ Muslim Information Service of Australia. "Eid al – Adha Festival of Sacrifice". Missionislam.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011.
↑ Stephan Huller, Stephan (2011). The Real Messiah: The Throne of St. Mark and the True Origins of Christianity. Watkins; Reprint edition. ISBN 978-1907486647.
↑ Fasching, Darrell J.; deChant, Dell (2011). Comparative Religious Ethics: A Narrative Approach to Global Ethics. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1444331332.
↑ อัลกุรอาน 37:100–112 Abdullah Yusuf Ali translation
↑ อัลกุรอาน 5:114. "Said Jesus the son of Mary: ‘O Allah our Lord! Send us from heaven a table set (with viands), that there may be for us – for the first and the last of us – a solemn festival and a sign from thee; and provide for our sustenance, for thou art the best Sustainer (of our needs).’"
↑ "Why do Muslims sacrifice animals on Eid-al-Adha or Baqreid". The Indian Express (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 2019-08-12. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-06-03.
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 H. X. Lee, Jonathan (2015). Asian American Religious Cultures [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 357. ISBN 978-1598843309.
↑ Asmal, Fatima (6 July 2016). "South African women push for more inclusive Eid prayers". Al Jazeera. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 September 2016.
↑ "Sunnah during Eid ul Adha according to Authentic Hadith". 13 November 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011 – โดยทาง Scribd.
↑ حجم الحروف – Islamic Laws : Rules of Namaz » Adhan and Iqamah. Retrieved 10 August 2014
↑ "The Significance of Eid". Isna.net. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 26 January 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011.
↑ McKernan, Bethan (29 August 2017). "Eid al-Adha 2017: When is it? Everything you need to know about the Muslim holiday". .independent.
↑ "Eid Takbeers – Takbir of Id". Islamawareness.net. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011.
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Buğra Ekinci, Ekrem. "Qurban Bayram: How do Muslims celebrate a holy feast?". dailysabah.
↑ Cussen, V.; Garces, L. (2008). Long Distance Transport and Welfare of Farm Animals. CABI. p. 35. ISBN 978-1845934033.
↑ "Bakra Eid: The cost of sacrifice". Asian Correspondent. 16 November 2010. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 December 2011.
↑ Hewer, Chris (2006). Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps. SCM Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0334040323. he Gregorian calendar.
↑ อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ ummalqura
↑ "Eid al-Adha 2016 date is expected to be on September 11". Al Jazeera. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 August 2016.

External links

Muttaqi, Shahid ‘Ali. "The Sacrifice of "Eid al-Adha"".

แม่แบบ:Eid แม่แบบ:Muslimholidays แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Algeria แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Indonesia แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Malaysia แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Myanmar แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Pakistan แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Singapore แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Sri Lanka แม่แบบ:Public holidays in Thailand แม่แบบ:U.S. Holidays

Basmala

Calligraphic rendition of the Bismillah — Simple calligraphic rendition of the *Basmala*.

Thuluth simple script

The Basmala (อาหรับ: بَسْمَلَة, basmalah), also known by its incipit Bi-smi llāhⁱ (อาหรับ: بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ, "In the name of God"),^[1] is the Islamic phrase bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmⁱ (بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ), "In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful."

This is the phrase recited before each surah (chapter) of the Qur'an – except for the ninth.^{[Notes 1]}^[2] It is used by Muslims in various contexts (for instance, during daily prayer) and is used in over half of the constitutions of countries where Islam is the official religion or more than half of the population follows Islam, usually the first phrase in the preamble, including those of Afghanistan,^[3] Bahrain,^[4] Bangladesh,^[5] Brunei,^[6] Egypt,^[7] Iran,^[8] Iraq,^[9] Kuwait,^[10] Libya,^[11] Maldives,^[12] Pakistan,^[13] Tunisia^[14] and the United Arab Emirates.^[15]

In Arabic calligraphy, the Basmala is the most prevalent motif, even more so than the Shahadah.^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]}

In Unicode, the Basmala is encoded as one ligature at code point U+FDFD ﷽

in the Arabic Presentation Forms-A block.

Name

The word basmala was derived from a slightly unusual procedure, in which the first four pronounced consonants of the phrase bismi-llāhi... were used as a quadriliteral consonantal root:^[16] b-s-m-l (ب س م ل). This abstract consonantal root was used to derive the noun basmala and its related verb forms, meaning "to recite the basmala". Other oft-repeated phrases in Islam given their own names include "Allāhu Akbar" (الله أكبر, called the Takbir and usually translated as "God is [the] Greatest" or "God is Great") and the phrase beginning "A`ūdhu billāhi..." called the Ta'awwudh. The method of coining a quadriliteral name from the consonants of a phrase is paralleled by the name Hamdala for Alhamdulillah.^[16]

Recitation of the Basmala is known as tasmiyah (تسمية).

Use and significance

According to Lane, ar-raḥmān has the more intensive meaning, taken to include as objects of "sympathy" both the believer and the unbeliever, and may therefore be rendered as "the Compassionate"; ar-raḥīm, on the other hand, is taken to include as objects the believer in particular, may be rendered as "the Merciful" (considered as expressive of a constant attribute).

In the Qur'an, the Basmala is usually numbered as the first verse of the first sura, but, according to the view adopted by Al-Tabari, it precedes the first verse. Apart from the ninth sura ("At-Tawba"), Al-Qurtubi reported that the correct view is that the Basmala ignored at the beginning of At-Tawba because Gabriel did not refer to the Basmala in this surah, another view, says that Muhammad died before giving a clarification if At-Tawba is part of the eighth sura (Al-Anfal) or not.^[17]^{[Notes 1]} It occurs at the beginning of each subsequent sura of the Qur'an and is usually not numbered as a verse except at its first appearance at the start of the first sura. The Basmala occurs as part of a sura's text in verse 30 of the 27th sura ("An-Naml"), where it prefaces a letter from Sulayman to Bilqis, the Queen of Sheba.

The Basmala is used extensively in everyday Muslim life, said as the opening of each action in order to receive blessing from God.^[18] Reciting the Basmala is a necessary requirement in the preparation of halal food.

In the Indian subcontinent, a Bismillah ceremony is held for a child's initiation into Islam.

The three definite nouns of the Basmala—Allah, ar-Rahman and ar-Rahim—correspond to the first three of the traditional 99 names of God in Islam. Both ar-Rahman and ar-Rahim are from the same triliteral root R-Ḥ-M, "to feel sympathy, or pity".

The Basmala has a special significance for Muslims, who are to begin each task after reciting the verse. It is often preceded by Ta'awwudh.

Hadith

There are several ahadith encouraging Muslims to recite it before eating and drinking. For example:

Jabir reported: I heard Messenger of Allah (saw) saying, "If a person mentions the Name of Allah upon entering his house or eating, Satan says, addressing his followers: 'You will find nowhere to spend the night and no dinner.' But if he enters without mentioning the Name of Allah, Satan says (to his followers); 'You have found (a place) to spend the night in, and if he does not mention the Name of Allah at the time of eating, Satan says: 'You have found (a place) to spend the night in as well as food."'
— From Muslim

Aisha reported: "The Prophet said, “When any of you wants to eat, he should mention the Name of God in the beginning (Bismillah). If he forgets to do it in the beginning, he should say Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu (I begin with the Name of God at the beginning and at the end)".
— From At-Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud

Umaiyyah bin Makshi reported: "The Prophet was sitting while a man was eating food. That man did not mention the Name of God till only a morsel of food was left. When he raised it to his mouth, he said, Bismillah awwalahu wa akhirahu. The Prophet smiled at this and said, "Satan had been eating with him but when he mentioned the Name of God, Satan vomited all that was in his stomach".
— From Abu Dawud and Al-Nasa'i

Wahshi bin Harb reported: "Some of the Sahaba of the Prophet said, 'We eat but are not satisfied.' He said, 'Perhaps you eat separately.' The Sahaba replied in the affirmative. He then said, 'Eat together and mention the Name of God over your food. It will be blessed for you.'
— From Abu Dawood

According to a Tradition, Muhammad said:^[19]

All that is contained in the revealed books is to be found in the Qur’an and all that is contained in the Qur’an is summed up in the surat al-fatihah ("The opening one") while this is in its turn contained in the formula Bismillahi-r-Rahmani-r-Rahim ("In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful").

A tradition ascribed to Imam Ali states:^[19]

The basmalah is in essence contained in the first letter, Ba, and this again in its diacritical point, which thus symbolizes principal Unity.

Tafsir

In a commentary on the Basmala in his Tafsir al-Tabari, al-Tabari writes:

“The Messenger of Allah (the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said that Jesus was handed by his mother Mary over to a school in order that he might be taught. [The teacher] said to him: ‘Write “Bism (In the name of)”.’ And Jesus said to him: ‘What is “Bism”?’ The teacher said: ‘I do not know.’ Jesus said: ‘The “Ba” is Baha’u'llah (the glory of Allah), the “Sin” is His Sana’ (radiance), and the “Mim” is His Mamlakah (sovereignty).”^[20]

Numerology

The total value of the letters of Bismillah al-Rahman al-Rahim, according to the standard Abjadi system of numerology, is 786. This number has therefore acquired a significance in folk Islam and Near Eastern folk magic. A recommendation of reciting the basmala 786 times in sequence is recorded in Al-Buni. Sündermann (2006) reports that a contemporary "spiritual healer" from Syria recommends the recitation of the basmala 786 times over a cup of water, which is then to be ingested as medicine.^[21]

It has also become common to abbreviate the phrase by typing "786", especially in online communication, and especially among South Asian Muslims.^{[ต้องการอ้างอิง]}

Alternative Christian meaning

Arabic-speaking Christians sometimes use the name Basmala to refer to the Christian Trinitarian formula "In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit" (باسم الآب والابن والروح القدس bismi-l-’ābi wa-l-ibni wa-r-rūḥi l-qudusi) from Matthew 28:19.^[22]

In popular culture

The Iranian authorities permitted an album of songs by English rock band Queen to be released in Iran in August 2004, partly because the song "Bohemian Rhapsody" contains several exclamations of the word Bismillah.^[23]

Notes

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 See, however, the discussion of the eighth and ninth suras at Al-Anfal (the eighth sura).

References

↑ Shelquist, Richard (2008-01-03). "Bismillah al rahman al rahim". Living from the Heart. Wahiduddin. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-06-21.
↑ Ali, Kecia; Leaman, Oliver (2008). Islam: the key concepts (Repr. ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-39638-7.
↑ "Afghanistan Constitution". International Constitutional Law Project. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of the State of Bahrain" (PDF). Constitution Finder. University of Richmond. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh". Laws of Bangladesh. Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of Brunei Darussalam (as revised 1984)" (PDF). Constitution Finder. University of Richmond. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt 2014" (PDF). Egypt State Information Service. Egypt State Information Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran". International Constitutional Law Project. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Iraqi Constitution" (PDF). Republic of Iran - Ministry of Interior - General Directorate of Nationality. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 28 November 2016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Kuwait Constitution". International Constitutional Law Project. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Libya's Constitution of 2011" (PDF). Constitute Project. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Maldives 2008" (PDF). Republic of Maldives Ministry of Tourism. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan" (PDF). National Assembly of Pakistan. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "The Constitution of the Republic of Tunisia" (PDF). Venice Commission. Council of Europe. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ "Constitution of the United Arab Emirates" (PDF). Refworld The Leader in Refugee Decision Support. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 January 2016.
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 A New Arabic Grammar of the Written Language by J.A. Haywood and H.M. Nahmad (London: Lund Humphries, 1965), ISBN 0-85331-585-X, p. 263.
↑ "The reason behind that At-Tawbah is the only Surah without Basmala". quranonline.net. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2020-06-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (ลิงก์)
↑ "Islamic-Dictionary.com Definition". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2015-12-08. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-11-18.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Titus Burckhardt (2008) [1959]. An Introduction to Sufi Doctrine. World Wisdom Inc., Bloomington IN, USA. ISBN 1933316500. p. 36.
↑ Momen, M. (2000). Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 242. ISBN 0-85398-446-8. In note 330 on page 274 of the same book Dr. Momen states the following: "At-Tabarí, Jámi’-al-Bayán, vol. 1, p.40. Some of the abbreviated editions of this work (such as the Mu’assasah ar-Risálah, Beirut, 1994 edition) omit this passage as does the translation by J. Cooper (Oxford University Press, 1987). Ibn kathír records this tradition, Tafsír, vol. 1, p. 17. As-Suyútí in ad-Durr al-Manthúr, vol. 1, p. 8, also records this tradition and gives a list of other scholars who have cited it including Abú Na’ím al-Isfahání in Hilyat al-Awliya’ and Ibn ‘Asákir in Taríkh Dimashq."
↑ Katja Sündermann, Spirituelle Heiler im modernen Syrien: Berufsbild und Selbstverständnis - Wissen und Praxis, Hans Schiler, 2006, p. 371.
↑ Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic by Hans Wehr, edited by J.M. Cowan, 4th edition 1979 (ISBN 0-87950-003-4), p. 73. C.f. Matthew 28:19 (Arabic) เก็บถาวร กุมภาพันธ์ 12, 2006 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน Retrieved 2011-07-25.
↑ "Queen album brings rock to Iran". BBC News. 2004-08-24. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2007-03-04.

External links

Bismillah Samples, a collection of bismillah art-forms.
Bismallah in Tadabbur-i-Qur'an.
Meaning of Bismillah
Beyond Probability, God's Message in Mathematics. Series 1: The Opening Statement of the Quran (The Basmalah).
The Blessed Basmala - Seeking a healing cure by means of Basmala, the pure

แม่แบบ:Islamic prayer แม่แบบ:Islamic calligraphy

Mustahabb

Mustahabb (อาหรับ: مُسْتَحَبّ, แปลตรงตัว 'beloved thing') is an Islamic term referring to recommended, favoured or virtuous actions.

Mustahabb actions are those whose ruling (ahkam) in Islamic law falls between mubah (neutral; neither encouraged nor discouraged) and wajib (compulsory). One definition is "duties recommended, but not essential; fulfilment of which is rewarded, though they may be neglected without punishment".^[1] Synonyms of mustahabb include masnun and mandub. The opposite of mustahabb is makruh (discouraged).

Examples

There are thousands of mustahabb acts,^[2] including:

As-Salamu Alaykum (a traditional Islamic greeting) (though responding to the greeting is an obligation)
Sadaqah (charity outside of zakat)
Umrah (except in the Shafi'i madhhab, wherein it is fard)
Shaving pubic hair and armpit hair

References

↑ Reuben Levy, The Social Structure of Islam, p. 202
↑ Turner, Colin (2013-12-19). Islam: The Basics. Routledge. p. 133. ISBN 9781134296910. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 July 2014.

External links

Difference between the Terms Sunnah and Mustahabb in the Terminology of Islamic Jurisprudence

[gazett-1] Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, p. 30, ที่กูเกิล หนังสือ, Rudradaman’s inscription from 1st through 4th century CE found in Gujarat, India, Stanford University Archives, pages 30–45

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[3] Yahya al-Mutasim

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[Gauvain2013-7] 4.0 ^4.1 Gauvain, Richard (2013). Salafi Ritual Purity: In the Presence of God. Abingdon, England, the U.K.: Routledge. pp. 69–74. ISBN 978-0-7103-1356-0.

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[27] อัลกุรอาน 7:12

[28] อัลกุรอาน 17:65. ""As for My servants, no authority shalt thou have over them:" Enough is thy Lord for a Disposer of affairs."

[29] Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:25:579

[30] [Abu Dawood - Eng. transl. vol. 2, p. 421, no. 1605 - rated Sahih]

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[twj-37] T.W. Juynboll, Handleiding tot de Kennis van de Mohaamedaansche Wet volgens de Leer der Sjafiitische School, 3rd Edition, Brill Academic, pp. 85–88

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[138] Momen, M. (2000). Islam and the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford, UK: George Ronald. p. 242. ISBN 0-85398-446-8. In note 330 on page 274 of the same book Dr. Momen states the following: "At-Tabarí, Jámi’-al-Bayán, vol. 1, p.40. Some of the abbreviated editions of this work (such as the Mu’assasah ar-Risálah, Beirut, 1994 edition) omit this passage as does the translation by J. Cooper (Oxford University Press, 1987). Ibn kathír records this tradition, Tafsír, vol. 1, p. 17. As-Suyútí in ad-Durr al-Manthúr, vol. 1, p. 8, also records this tradition and gives a list of other scholars who have cited it including Abú Na’ím al-Isfahání in Hilyat al-Awliya’ and Ibn ‘Asákir in Taríkh Dimashq."

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ด ค ก หัวข้อเกี่ยวกับฮัจญ์
วันที่ 8 ถึง 12 ษุลฮิจญ์ญะฮ์ของทุกปี
การเตรียม	อิห์รอม มีกอต อัจญุห์ฟะฮ์ ษูลฮุลัยฟะฮ์ มัสยิดอาอิชะฮ์ อัตตันอีม ก็อรนุลมะนาซิล อัสซัยล์ ยะลัมลัม
ลำดับ	เฏาะวาฟ บ่อซัมซัม เศาะฟาและมัรวะฮ์ มินา เขาอะเราะฟะฮ์ มุซดะลิฟะฮ์ เราะมีอัลญะมะรอต อีดิลอัฎฮา เฏาะวาฟอิฟาเฎาะฮ์ เฏาะวาฟวีดะอ์
มัสยิด	มัสยิดอัลฮะรอม มัสยิดอันนะบะวี มีกอตษูลฮุลัยฟะฮ์ รอบิฆ
บทความที่เกี่ยวข้อง	โรดทูมักกะฮ์
ประวัติ

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 10:53, 1 กรกฎาคม 2563

กล่องข้อความ

Yahya al-Mu'tasim

Sources

Notes

อิบลีส

ชื่อและศัพทมูลวิทยา

เทววิทยา

กุรอาน

ดูเพิ่ม

อ้างอิง

ซะกาตฟิฏเราะฮ์ (ทำให้ดีกว่า)

การจัดหมวดหมู่

จุดประสงค์

เงื่อนไข

อัตรา

References

External links

Worldwide caliphate

History

References

Kirby: Right Back at Ya!

Plot

Characters

Episodes

Production

Game differences

4Kids adaptation

Broadcast history

Theme songs

Home video releases

International broadcast

Reception

See also

References

External links

Eid al-Adha

Other names

Etymology

Origin

Purpose of Sacrifice "Qurbani" in Eid al-Adha

Eid prayers

Traditions and practices

Eid al-Adha in the Gregorian calendar

Notes

References

External links

Basmala

Name

Use and significance

Hadith

Tafsir

Numerology

Alternative Christian meaning

In popular culture

See also

Notes

References

External links

Mustahabb

Examples

References

See also

External links