รางวัลโนเบลสาขาเคมี
| บทความนี้ต้องการการจัดหน้า จัดหมวดหมู่ ใส่ลิงก์ภายใน หรือเก็บกวาดเนื้อหา ให้มีคุณภาพดีขึ้น คุณสามารถปรับปรุงแก้ไขบทความนี้ได้ และนำป้ายออก พิจารณาใช้ป้ายข้อความอื่นเพื่อชี้ชัดข้อบกพร่อง |
|
|
บทความนี้อาจต้องการพิสูจน์อักษร ในด้านไวยากรณ์ รูปแบบการเขียน การเรียบเรียง คุณภาพ หรือการสะกด คุณสามารถช่วยพัฒนาบทความได้ |
รางวัลโนเบลสาขาเคมี (สวีเดน: Nobelpriset i kemi, อังกฤษ: Nobel Prize in Chemistry) เป็นรางวัลมอบโดยราชบัณฑิตยสถานด้านวิทยาศาสตร์แห่งสวีเดนเป็นประจำทุกปีแก่นักวิทยาศาสตร์ในสาขาต่างๆ ของเคมี รางวัลนี้เป็นหนึ่งในห้ารางวัลโนเบลซึ่งก่อตั้งจากความประสงค์ของอัลเฟรด โนเบลใน ค.ศ. 1895 (พ.ศ. 2438) เพื่อมอบให้แก่ผู้อุทิศตนอย่างโดดเด่นในสาขาเคมี ฟิสิกส์ วรรณกรรม สันติภาพ และสรีรวิทยาหรือการแพทย์ มูลนิธิโนเบลเป็นผู้รับผิดชอบรางวัลนี้ และผู้มอบรางวัลคือคณะกรรมการโนเบลอันประกอบด้วยสมาชิก 5 คนที่เลือกโดยราชบัณฑิตยสถานด้านวิทยาศาสตร์แห่งสวีเดน
รางวัลโนเบลสาขาเคมีครั้งแรกมอบในปี ค.ศ. 1901 (พ.ศ. 2444) แก่จาโคบัส เฮนริคัส แวน'ท ฮอฟฟ์ (Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) จากประเทศเนเธอร์แลนด์ "สำหรับการค้นพบกฎของพลศาสตร์เคมีและแรงดันออสโมติกในสารละลาย" การมอบรางวัลจัดขึ้นในวันที่ 10 ตุลาคมของทุกปีที่สตอกโฮล์มเพื่อระลึกถึงการเสียชีวิตของโนเบล
รายชื่อผู้ได้รับรางวัล [แก้]
| ปี ค.ศ. | ชื่อ | ประเทศ | หัวข้อ |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | จาโคบัส เฮนริคัส แวน'ท ฮอฟฟ์ (Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) | "การค้นพบกฎของพลศาสตร์เคมี และแรงดันออสโมติกในสารละลาย" ("for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions") |
|
| 1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses" | |
| 1903 | สวานเต ออกัส อาร์เรเนียส | "for his electrolytic theory of dissociation" | |
| 1904 | Sir William Ramsay | "สำหรับการค้นพบก๊าซมีตระกูลในอากาศ" ("for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air") | |
| 1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | "for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" | |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan | "for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace named after him" | |
| 1907 | Eduard Buchner | "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" | |
| 1908 | เออร์เนสต์ รูเทอร์ฟอร์ด (Ernest Rutherford) | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" | |
| 1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | "his work on catalysis and for his investigations into chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" | |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach | "for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds" | |
| 1911 | มารี กูรี (Maria Skłodowska-Curie) | "สำหรับการค้นพบธาตุเรเดียมและพอโลเนียม" ("for her discovery of radium and polonium") | |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard | "for his the discovery of the Grignard reagent" | |
| Paul Sabatier | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds" | ||
| 1913 | Alfred Werner | "for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules" | |
| 1914 | Theodore William Richards | "for his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements" | |
| 1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | "สำหรับผลงานค้นคว้าด้านรงควัตถุในพืช" ("for his research on plant pigments") | |
| 1916 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1917 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1918 | ฟริตซ์ ฮาเบอร์ | "สำหรับการค้นพบวิธีการสังเคราะห์แอมโมเนีย" ("for his synthesis of ammonia") | |
| 1919 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | "สำหรับผลงานด้านอุณหพลศาสตร์" ("for his work in thermochemistry") | |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy | "for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes" | |
| 1922 | Francis William Aston | "for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule" | |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" | |
| 1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used" | |
| 1926 | Theodor Svedberg | "for his work on disperse systems" | |
| 1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | "for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances" | |
| 1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | "for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins" | |
| 1929 | Arthur Harden Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin |
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" | |
| 1930 | Hans Fischer | "for his research into haemin and chlorophyll" | |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch Friedrich Bergius |
"for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods" | |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir | "for his work in surface chemistry" | |
| 1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" | |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot Irene Joliot-Curie |
"for their synthesis of new radioactive elements" | |
| 1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | "for his work on molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" | |
| 1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | "สำหรับผลงานด้านการศึกษาคาร์โบไฮเดรตและวิตามินซี" ("for his work on carbohydrates and vitamin C") | |
| Paul Karrer | "สำหรับผลงานด้านการศึกษาแคโรทีนอยด์ ฟลาวิน วิตามินเอ และวิตามินบี 2" ("for his work on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2") | ||
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn | "สำหรับผลงานด้านการศึกษาแคโรทีนอยด์และวิตามิน" ("for his work on carotenoids and vitamins") | |
| 1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | "สำหรับผลงานด้านการศึกษาฮอร์โมนเพศ" ("for his work on sex hormones") | |
| Leopold Ružička | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | ||
| 1940 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1941 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1942 | ไม่มีการมอบรางวัล | ||
| 1943 | George de Hevesy | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers to study chemical processes" | |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" | |
| 1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" | |
| 1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" | |
| John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley |
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | ||
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | "for his investigations on plant products, especially the alkaloids" | |
| 1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis" | |
| 1949 | William Francis Giauque | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics" | |
| 1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels Kurt Alder |
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction." | |
| 1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan Glenn Theodore Seaborg |
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" | |
| 1952 | Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge |
"for their invention of partition chromatography" | |
| 1953 | Hermann Staudinger | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" | |
| 1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond" | |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | "for his work on sulphur compounds, especially the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" | |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) |
"for their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions" | |
| 1957 | Sir Alexander Todd | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" | |
| 1958 | Frederick Sanger | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin" | |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovský | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" | |
| 1960 | Willard Frank Libby | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination" | |
| 1961 | Melvin Calvin | "for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" | |
| 1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz John Cowdery Kendrew |
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" | |
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler Giulio Natta |
"for their discoveries relating to high polymers" | |
| 1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" | |
| 1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | "for his achievements in organic synthesis" | |
| 1966 | Robert Sanderson Mulliken | "for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules" | |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter |
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy" | |
| 1968 | Lars Onsager | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name" | |
| 1969 | Derek Harold Richard Barton Odd Hassel |
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation" | |
| 1970 | Luis F. Leloir | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" | |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | "for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" | |
| 1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation" | |
| Stanford Moore William H. Stein |
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule" | ||
| 1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson |
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds" | |
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" | |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" | |
| Vladimir Prelog | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" | ||
| 1976 | William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. | "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding" | |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures" | |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" | |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown Georg Wittig |
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" | |
| 1980 | Paul Berg | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" | |
| Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger |
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | ||
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui (福井謙一) Roald Hoffmann |
"for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions" | |
| 1982 | Aaron Klug | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" | |
| 1983 | Henry Taube | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions" | |
| 1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" | |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle |
"for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" | |
| 1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (李遠哲) John C. Polanyi |
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" | |
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram Jean-Marie Lehn Charles J. Pedersen |
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" | |
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel |
"for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" | |
| 1989 | Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech |
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" | |
| 1990 | Elias James Corey | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" | |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst | "for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" | |
| 1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" | |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis | "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method" | |
| Michael Smith | "for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies" | ||
| 1994 | George A. Olah | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" | |
| 1995 | Paul J. Crutzen Mario J. Molina F. Sherwood Rowland |
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, in particular ozone depletion" | |
| 1996 | Robert Curl Sir Harold Kroto Richard Smalley |
"for their discovery of fullerenes" | |
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker |
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate" | |
| Jens C. Skou | "for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase" | ||
| 1998 | Walter Kohn | "for his development of the density functional theory" | |
| John A. Pople | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | ||
| 1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail (أحمد زويل) | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" | |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger Alan G MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa (白川英樹) |
"for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" | |
| 2001 | William S. Knowles Ryoji Noyori (野依良治) |
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions" | |
| K. Barry Sharpless | "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions" see Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation | ||
| 2002 | John B. Fenn Koichi Tanaka (田中耕一) |
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules" | |
| Kurt Wüthrich | "for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution" | ||
| 2003 | Peter Agre | "for the discovery of water channels" | |
| Roderick MacKinnon | "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels" | ||
| 2004 | Aaron Ciechanover Avram Hershko Irwin Rose |
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation" | |
| 2005 | Robert Grubbs Richard Schrock Yves Chauvin |
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis" | |
| 2006 | Roger D. Kornberg | "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription" | |
| 2007 | Gerhard Ertl | "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces" | |
| 2008 | Martin Chalfie | "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[1] | |
| Osamu Shimomura | |||
| Roger Y. Tsien | |||
| 2009 | Venkatraman Ramakrishnan | "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[7] | |
| Thomas A. Steitz | |||
| Ada E. Yonath | |||
| 2010 | Richard F. Heck | "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"[8] | |
| Ei-ichi Negishi | |||
| Akira Suzuki | |||
| 2011 | แดน เชชท์มัน (Dan Shechtman) | "สำหรับการค้นพบควอซีคริสตัล (quasicrystal) ซึ่งได้ปรับเปลี่ยนความเข้าใจเของนักเคมีต่อสสารเนื้อแข็ง" [9] | |
| 2012 | โรเบิร์ต เลฟโควิตซ์ (Robert Lefkowitz) | "สำหรับการศึกษาตัวรับที่จับกับจี โปรตีน" ("for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors")[10] | |
| ไบรอัน โคบิลก้า (Brian Kobilka) | "สำหรับการศึกษาตัวรับที่จับกับจี โปรตีน" ("for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors")[11] |
อ้างอิง [แก้]
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008". Nobelprize.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-10-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2008-Press Release". Nobelprize.org. 2008-10-08. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-10-08.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ 1 Japanese, 2 Americans win Nobel chemistry prize Associated Press
- ↑ Two Americans, one Japanese win 2008 chemistry Nobel reuters
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009". Nobelprize.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-02-08.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2010". Nobelprize.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-10-06.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2011". Nobelprize.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2011-10-05.
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ [4]
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น [แก้]
| คอมมอนส์ มีภาพและสื่ออื่น ๆ เกี่ยวกับ: Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners |
- "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry" – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||