ผู้ใช้:EZBELLA/กระบะทราย4

กระบะทราย1

กระบะทราย2

กระบะทราย3

กระบะทราย4

กระบะทราย5

กระบะทราย6

กระบะทราย7

นี้เป็นรายชื่อ จุดที่สุดในโลกสถานที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์ที่อยู่เหนือสุด ใต้สุด สูงสุด ต่ำสุด ไกลจากทะเลที่สุดหรือไกลจากแผ่นดินที่สุดและสถานที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์อื่น ๆ ในผืนดิน ทวีปหรือประเทศ

สำหรับรายชื่ออื่น ๆ อย่างสถานที่ สภาพอากาศ อุณหภูมิดูที่ที่สุดในโลก รายชื่อจุดสุดยอดและรายชื่อสถิติสภาพอากาศ สำหรับประเทศไทยดูที่ที่สุดในประเทศไทย

โลก

ละติจูดและลองจิจูด

• เหนือสุดของโลก คือขั้วโลกเหนือในมหาสมุทรอาร์กติก
  • ผืนดินที่อยู่เหนือสุดของโลก คือทางเหนือของเกาะคาเฟอคลูเปิน (83°40′N 29°50′W) เป็นเกาะที่ตั้งอยู่เหนือแหลมมอร์ริสเจสซัป กรีนแลนด์ (83°38′N 32°40′W)
• ใต้สุดของโลกและผืนดินที่อยู่ใต้สุดของโลก คือขั้วโลกใต้บนทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา
  • ผืนน้ำที่อยู่ใต้สุดของโลกคืออ่าวในหิ้งน้ำแข็งฟิวช์เนอร์-โรนในชายฝั่งทวีปแอนตาร์กติกา (83°S 59°W) ใต้เกาะเกาะเบริกเนอร์ 100 กิโลเมตร
  • ผืนมหาสมุทรที่อยู่ใต้สุดของโลก อยู่ที่ชายฝั่งกูลด์ (84°30′S 150°0′W)
  • ทะเลเปิดที่อยู่ใต้สุดของโลก คือเบย์ออฟเวลส่วนหนึ่งของทะเลรอสส์ที่ต่ำแหน่ง 78°30'S ตรงขอบของหิ้งน้ำแข็งรอสส์
• ตะวันออกและตะวันตกสุดของโลก การแบ่งตะวันตกตะวันออกยึดตามเส้นลองจิจูด ซึ่งพบตามเส้นเมริเดียนที่ 180 องศาในไซบีเรีย (รวมถึงเกาะแรงเกล), แอนตาร์กติกา, หรือเกาะทั้ง 3 ของฟีจี (คาบสมุทรทางตะวันออกของเกาะวานูอาเลวู ตอนกลางของเกาะตาเวอูนีและตะวันตอของเกาะรัมบี)
  • หากยึดตามเส้นแบ่งเขตวันสากล ผืนดินที่อยู่ตะวันตกสุดคือเกาะแอตตูของอะแลสกา ส่วน ผืนดินที่อยู่ตะวันออกสุด คือเกาะแคโรไลน์ของคิริบาส

Elevation

ดูเพิ่ม: List of elevation extremes by region, List of elevation extremes by country, และ Extremes on Earth

Highest points

Chimborazo, Ecuador

• The highest point on the Earth's surface measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on the border of Nepal and China. While measurements of its height vary slightly, the elevation of its peak is usually given as 8,848 m (29,029 ฟุต) above sea level. It was first reached by Sir Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa of Nepal Tenzing Norgay in 1953 (with speculation that it may have been reached in 1924).
• The point farthest from the Earth's center is the summit of Chimborazo in Ecuador, at 6,384.4 กิโลเมตร (3,967.1 ไมล์) from the center of the earth (the peak's elevation in relation to sea level is 6,263.47 m (20,549 ft)). This is because the Earth is an oblate spheroid rather than a perfect sphere: it is wider at the equator and narrower between the poles. Therefore, the summit of Chimborazo, which is near the equator, is farther away from the center of the Earth than the summit of Mount Everest (the summit of Mount Everest is 2,168 m (7,112.9 ฟุต) closer, at 6,382.3 km (3,965.8 ไมล์) to the Earth's center). Peru's Huascarán (at 6,768 เมตร (22,205 ฟุต)) contends closely with Chimborazo, the difference in the mountains' heights being just 23 m (75 ฟุต).
• The fastest point on Earth, or in other words, the point furthest from the axis of Earth is the summit of Cayambe in Ecuador at 1,675.89 km/h (1,041 mph) and 6,383.95 km (3,967 mi) from the axis. Like Chimborazo, which is the fourth fastest peak at 1,675.47 km/h (1,041 mph), it is close to the equator and takes advantage of the oblate spheroid nature of the Earth. More importantly, however, it being so near the equator means that the majority of it's distance from the center of the Earth goes into it being away from the axis. The importance of latitude becomes most apparent when one looks a the Challenger Deep (speed of 1,639.15 km/h (1,019 mph)) compared to Mount Everest (speed of 1,481.67 km/h (921 mph)).

Highest points attainable by transportation

• The highest point accessible...
  • ...by land vehicle is an elevation of 6,688 เมตร (21,942 ฟุต) on Ojos del Salado in Chile, which was reached by the Chilean duo of Gonzalo Bravo G. and Eduardo Canales Moya on 21 April 2007 with a modified Suzuki Samurai, setting the high-altitude record for a four-wheeled vehicle.
  • ...by road (dead end) is on a mining road to the summit of Aucanquilcha in Chile, which reaches an elevation of 6,176 m (20,262 ฟุต). It was once usable by 20-tonne mining trucks. The road is no longer usable. 21.214°S 68.475°W / -21.214; -68.475
  • ...by road (mountain pass) is disputed; there are a number of competing claims for this title due to the definition of "motorable pass" (i.e. a surfaced road or one simply passable by a vehicle):
    • The highest asphalted road crosses Tibet's Semo La pass at 5,565 m (18,258 ฟุต). It is used by trucks and buses regularly. The Ticlio pass, on the Central Road of Peru, is the highest surfaced road in the Americas, at an elevation of 4,818 m (15,807 ฟุต).
    • The highest unsurfaced road is claimed by several different roads. All are unsurfaced or gravel roads including the barely passable road to Umling La, 17 กิโลเมตร (11 ไมล์) west of Demchok in Ladakh, India, which reaches 5,800 m (19,029 ฟุต) ("19,300 feet" according to a Border Roads Organisation sign there that recognizes it as the "World's Highest Motorable Pass"), and Mana Pass, between India and Tibet, which is crossed by a gravel road reaching 5,610 m (18,406 ฟุต). The heavily trafficked Khardung La in Ladakh lies at 5,359 m (17,582 ฟุต). A possibly motorable gravel road crosses Marsimik La in Ladakh at 5,582 m (18,314 ฟุต).
  • ...by train is Tanggula Pass, located on the Qinghai–Tibet (Qingzang) Railway in the Tanggula Mountains of Qinghai/Tibet, China, at 5,072 m (16,640 ฟุต). The Tanggula railway station is the world's highest railway station at 5,068 m (16,627 ฟุต). Before the Qingzang Railway was built, the highest railway ran between Lima and Huancayo in Peru, reaching 4,829 m (15,843 ฟุต) at Ticlio.
  • ...by oceangoing vessel is a segment of the Rhine–Main–Danube Canal between the Hilpoltstein and Bachhausen locks in Bavaria, Germany. The locks artificially raise the surface level of the water in the canal to 406 m (1,332 ฟุต) above mean sea level, higher than any other lock system in the world, making it the highest point currently accessible by oceangoing commercial watercraft.

La Rinconada, Peru

• The highest commercial airport is Daocheng Yading Airport, Sichuan, China, at 4,411 m (14,472 ฟุต). The proposed Nagqu Dagring Airport in Tibet, China, if built, will be 25 m (82 ฟุต) higher at 4,436 m (14,554 ฟุต).
• The highest helipad is Sonam, Siachen Glacier, India, at a height of 6,400 m (20,997 ฟุต) above sea level.
• The highest permanent human settlement is La Rinconada, Peru, 5,100 m (16,732 ฟุต), in the Peruvian Andes.
• The farthest road from the Earth's center is the Road to Carrel Hut in the Ecuadorian Andes, at an elevation of 4,850 m (15,912 ฟุต) above sea level and a distance of 6,382.9 km (3,966 ไมล์) from the center of the Earth.

Highest geographical features

• The highest volcano is Ojos del Salado on the Argentina–Chile border. It has the highest summit, 6,893 m (22,615 ฟุต), of any volcano on Earth.
• The highest natural lake is an unnamed crater lake on Ojos del Salado at 6,390 m (20,965 ฟุต), on the Argentina side. Another candidate is Lhagba Pool on the northeast slopes of Mount Everest, Tibet, China, at an elevation of 6,368 m (20,892 ฟุต).
• The highest navigable lake is Lake Titicaca, on the border of Bolivia and Peru in the Andes, at 3,812 m (12,507 ฟุต).
• The highest glacier is the Khumbu Glacier on the southwest slopes of Mount Everest in Nepal, beginning on the west side of Lhotse at an elevation of 7,600 ถึง 8,000 m (24,900 ถึง 26,200 ฟุต).
• The highest river is disputed; one candidate from many possibilities is the Ating Ho, which flows into the Aong Tso (Hagung Tso), a large lake in Tibet, China, and has an elevation of about 6,100 m (20,013 ฟุต) at its source at 32°49′30″N 81°03′45″E. A very large and high river is the Yarlung Tsangpo or upper Brahmaputra River in Tibet, China, whose main stem, the Maquan River, has its source at about 6,020 m (19,751 ฟุต) above sea level at 30°48′59″N 82°42′45″E. Above these elevations, there are no constantly flowing rivers since the temperature is almost always below freezing.
• The highest island is one of a number of islands in the Orba Co lake in Tibet, China, at an elevation of 5,209 m (17,090 ฟุต).

Lowest points

Lowest artificial points

• The lowest point underground ever reached was 12,262 m (40,230 ฟุต) deep (SG-3 at Kola superdeep borehole).
• The lowest human-sized point underground is 3,900 m (12,800 ฟุต) below ground at the TauTona Mine, Carletonville, South Africa.
• The lowest (from sea level) artificially made point with open sky may be the Hambach surface mine, Germany, which reaches a depth of 293 m (961 ฟุต) below sea level.
• The lowest (from surface) artificially made point with open sky may be the Bingham Canyon open-pit mine, Salt Lake City, United States, at a depth of 1,200 m (3,900 ฟุต) below surface level.
• The lowest point underwater is the 10,685 m (35,056 ฟุต)-deep (as measured from the subsea wellhead) oil and gas well drilled on the Tiber Oil Field in the Gulf of Mexico. The wellhead of this well was an additional 1,259 m (4,131 ฟุต) underwater for a total distance of 11,944 m (39,186 ฟุต) as measured from sea level.28.736667°N 88.386944°W / 28.736667; -88.386944

Lowest natural points

ดูเพิ่ม: List of places on land with elevations below sea level

• The lowest known point is Challenger Deep, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, 11,034 m (36,201 ฟุต) below sea level. Only three humans have reached the bottom of the trench: Jacques Piccard and U.S. Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh in 1960 aboard the bathyscaphe Trieste, and filmmaker James Cameron in 2012 aboard Deepsea Challenger.
• The lowest point underground is more than 2,000 m (6,600 ฟุต) under the Earth's surface. For example, the altitude difference between the entrance and the deepest explored point (the maximum depth) of the Krubera Cave in Georgia is 2,191 ± 20 m (7,188 ± 66 ฟุต). In 2012, Ukrainian cave diver Gennadiy Samokhin reached the lowest point, breaking the world record.
• The lowest point on land not covered by liquid water is the valley under the Byrd Glacier in Antarctica, which reaches 2,780 m (9,121 ฟุต) below sea level. It is, however, covered by a thick layer of ice.

The shore of the Dead Sea in Israel

• The lowest point on dry land is the shore of the Dead Sea, shared by Jordan, Palestine, and Israel, 418 m (1,371 ฟุต) below sea level.
• The point closest to the Earth's center on the Earth's surface (interpreted as a natural surface of the land or sea that is accessible by a person) is the surface of the Arctic Ocean at the Geographic North Pole (6,356.77 km หรือ 3,950 ไมล์).
  • The closest point on the ground (interpreted as a land surface or sea floor) is the bottom of the Litke Deep, the deepest point of the Arctic Ocean, which is 6,351.61 km (3,947 ไมล์) from the center of the Earth. By comparison, the bottom of the deepest oceanic trench in the world, the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean, is 14.7 km (9 ไมล์) farther from the center of the Earth.

Lowest points attainable by transportation

• The lowest point accessible...
  • ...by road, excluding roads in mines, is any of the roads alongside the Dead Sea in Israel and Jordan, which are the lowest on Earth at 418 m (1,371 ฟุต) below sea level.
    • The lowest undersea highway tunnel is the Eiksund Tunnel, in Norway, at 287 m (942 ฟุต) below sea level.
  • ...by train, excluding the tracks inside some South African gold mines, which can be several thousand meters below sea level, is located in the Seikan Tunnel of Japan railroad, at 240 m (787 ฟุต) below sea level. By way of comparison, the undersea Channel Tunnel between England and France reaches a depth of 75 m (246 ฟุต) below sea level.

The lowest railroad station was the Japanese Yoshioka-Kaitei Station, at 150 m (492 ฟุต) below sea level, but it was closed in 2014. The lowest railroad not inside a tunnel is 71 m (233 ฟุต) below sea level, on the Mojave Desert between Yuma, Arizona, and Palm Springs, California, in the United States of America.

• The lowest airfield is the Bar Yehuda Airfield (MTZ), near Masada, Israel, at 378 m (1,240 ฟุต) below sea level.
• The lowest commercial airport is Atyrau Airport (GUW), near Atyrau, Kazakhstan, at 22 m (72 ฟุต) below sea level, in the basin of the Caspian Sea.

Lowest cities

Baku is located 28 metres (92 ft) below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the world and also the largest city in the world located below sea level.

Remoteness

Poles of inaccessibility

บทความหลัก: Pole of inaccessibility

Each continent has its own continental pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place on the continent that is farthest from any ocean. Similarly, each ocean has its own oceanic pole of inaccessibility, defined as the place in the ocean that is farthest from any land.

Continental

• The most distant point from an ocean is the Eurasian Pole of Inaccessibility (or "EPIA") 46°17′N 86°40′E, in China's Xinjiang region near the border with Kazakhstan. Calculations have shown that this point, located in the Dzoosotoyn Elisen Desert, is 2,645 km (1,644 ไมล์) from the nearest coastline. The nearest settlement to the EPIA is Suluk at 46°15′N 86°50′E, about 11 km (6.8 ไมล์) to the east. A recent study suggests that the historical calculation of the EPIA failed to recognize the point where the Gulf of Ob joins the Arctic Ocean, and proposes instead that varying definitions of coastline could result in other locations for the EPIA:
  • EPIA1, somewhere between 44°17′N 82°11′E and 44°29′N 82°19′E, is about 2,510 ± 10 กิโลเมตร (1,559.6 ± 6.2 ไมล์) from the nearest ocean.
  • EPIA2, somewhere between 45°17′N 88°08′E and 45°28′N 88°14′E, is about 2,514 ± 7 กิโลเมตร (1,562.1 ± 4.3 ไมล์) from the nearest ocean.

If adopted, this would place the final EPIA roughly 130 km (81 ไมล์) closer to the ocean than the point that is currently agreed upon. Coincidentally, EPIA1, or EPIA2, and the most remote of the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility (specifically, the point in the South Pacific Ocean that is farthest from land) are similarly remote; EPIA1 is less than 200 km (120 ไมล์) closer to the ocean than the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility is to land.

• The continental poles of inaccessibility for the other continents are as follows:
  • Africa: 5.65°N 26.17°E / 5.65; 26.17 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Africa), close to the tripoint of the Central African Republic, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Australia: either 23°2′S 132°10′E, or 23.17°S 132.27°E / -23.17; 132.27 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility of Australia), near Papunya, Northern Territory
  • North America: 43.36°N 101.97°W / 43.36; -101.97 (Pole of Inaccessibility North America), between Kyle, South Dakota and Allen, South Dakota.
  • South America: 14.05°S 56.85°W / -14.05; -56.85 (Continental Pole of Inaccessibility in South America), near Arenápolis, Mato Grosso, Brazil

Oceanic

• The most distant point from land is the Pacific pole of inaccessibility (also called "Point Nemo"), which lies in the South Pacific Ocean at 48°52.6′S 123°23.6′W, approximately 2,688 km (1,670 mi) from the nearest land (equidistant from Ducie Island in the Pitcairn Islands to the north, Motu Nui off Rapa Nui to the northeast, and Maher Island off Siple Island near Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica, to the south).

Other places considered the most remote

Bouvet Island

• The most remote island is Bouvet Island, a small, uninhabited island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is a dependency of Norway. It lies at coordinates 54°26′S 3°24′E. The nearest land is the uninhabited Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, over 1,600 km (994 mi) to the south. The nearest inhabited lands are Tristan da Cunha, 2,260 km (1,404 mi) away, and the coast of South Africa, 2,580 km (1,603 mi) away.
• The title for most remote inhabited island or archipelago (the farthest away from any other permanently inhabited place) depends on how the question is interpreted. If the south Atlantic island Tristan da Cunha (population about 300) and its dependency Gough Island (with a small staffed research post), which are 399 km (248 mi) from each other, are considered part of the same archipelago, or if Gough Island is not counted because it has no permanent residents, then Tristan da Cunha is the world's most remote inhabited island/archipelago: the main island, also called Tristan da Cunha, is 2,434 km (1,512 mi) from the island Saint Helena, 2,816 km (1,750 mi) from South Africa, and 3,360 km (2,090 ไมล์) from South America. It is 1,845 km (1,146 mi) away from uninhabited Bouvet Island. However, if Gough and Tristan da Cunha are considered separately, they disqualify each other, and the most remote inhabited island is Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean, which lies 2,075 กิโลเมตร (1,289 ไมล์) from Pitcairn Island (about 50 residents in 2013), 2,606 km (1,619 mi) from Rikitea on the island of Mangareva (the nearest town with a population over 500), and 3,512 กิโลเมตร (2,182 ไมล์) from the coast of Chile (the nearest continental point). The Kerguelen Islands in the southern Indian Ocean are another contender, lying 1,340 กิโลเมตร (830 ไมล์) from the small Alfred Faure scientific station in Île de la Possession, but otherwise more than 3,300 กิโลเมตร (2,100 ไมล์) from the coast of Madagascar (the nearest permanently inhabited place), 450 km (280 mi) northwest of uninhabited Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and 1,440 km (890 mi) from the non-permanent scientific station located in Île Amsterdam.
• The most remote city...
  • ...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population in excess of one million is Auckland, New Zealand. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is Sydney, Australia, 2,168.9 กิโลเมตร (1,347.7 ไมล์) away.
  • ...with a population in excess of one million from the nearest city with a population above 100,000 is Perth, Australia, located 2,138 กิโลเมตร (1,328 ไมล์) away from Adelaide, Australia.
  • ...with a population in excess of 100,000 from the nearest city of at least that population is Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. The nearest city of comparable size or greater is San Francisco, 3,850 km (2,390 ไมล์) away.
  • ...that is a national capital from the nearest national capital is a tie between Wellington, New Zealand, and Canberra, Australia, which are 2,326 km (1,445 mi) apart from each other.
• The most remote airport in the world from another airport is Mataveri International Airport (IPC) on Easter Island, which has a single runway for military and public use. It is located 2,603 km (1,617 mi) from Totegegie Airport (GMR; very few flights) in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia and 3,759 km (2,336 mi) from Santiago, Chile (SCL; a fairly large airport). In comparison, the airport at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station (NZSP) is not very remote at all, being located only 1,355 กิโลเมตร (842 ไมล์) from Williams Field (NZWD) near Ross Island.

Farthest-apart cities

The pairs of cities (with a population over 100,000) with the greatest distance between them are:

1. Rosario, Argentina to Xinghua, China: 19,996 km (12,425 mi)
2. Lu'an, China to Río Cuarto, Argentina: 19,994 km (12,424 mi)
3. Cuenca, Ecuador to Subang Jaya, Malaysia: 19,989 km (12,421 mi)
4. Salamanca, Spain to Lower Hutt, New Zealand: 19,961 km (12,403 mi)
5. Marbella, Spain to Auckland, New Zealand: 19,960 km (12,403 mi)

Center

• Since the Earth is a spheroid, its centre (the core) is thousands of kilometres beneath its crust. On the surface, the center of the standard geographic model as viewed on a traditional world map is the point 0°, 0° (the coordinates of zero degrees latitude by zero degrees longitude), which is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately 614 km (382 ไมล์) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea, at the intersection of the Equator and the Prime Meridian. However, the selection for the Prime Meridian as the 0° longitude meridian is culturally and historically dependent and therefore arbitrary.
• The center of population, the place to which there is the shortest average route for every individual human being in the world, could also be considered a "center of the world". This point is located in the north of the Indian subcontinent, although the precise location has never been calculated and is constantly shifting due to changes in the distribution of the human population across the planet.

Longest lines between two points

Along constant latitude

• The longest continuous east-west distance on land is 10,726 km (6,665 ไมล์) along the latitude 48°24'53"N, from the coast of France (48°24′53″N 4°47′44″W) through Central Europe, Ukraine, Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China, to a point on the east coast of Russia (48°24′53″N 140°6′3″E).
  • The longest continuous east-west distance on land including permanent ice shelf is 7,958 km (4,945 ไมล์) along the latitude 78°35'S; this is the minimum extent of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica and is subject to change.
• The longest continuous east-west distance at sea is 22,471 km (13,963 ไมล์) along the latitude 55°59'S, south of Cape Horn, South America. The longest in the northern hemisphere is 4,435 km (2,756 ไมล์) along the latitude 83°40'N, north of Kaffeklubben Island, Greenland.
  • The longest continuous east-west distance at sea between two continents is 15,409 km (9,575 ไมล์) along the latitude 18°39'12"N, from the coast of Hainan, China (18°39′12″N 110°15′9″E) across the Pacific Ocean to the coast of Michoacán, Mexico (18°39′12″N 103°42′6″W).

Along constant longitude

• The longest continuous north-south distance on land is 7,590 km (4,720 ไมล์) along the meridian 99°1'30"E, from the northern tip of Siberia in the Russian Federation (76°13′6″N 99°1′30″E), through Mongolia, China, and Myanmar, to a point on the south coast of Thailand (7°53′24″N 99°1′30″E).
  • The longest in Africa is 7,417 km (4,609 ไมล์) along the meridian 20°12'E, from the north coast of Libya (32°19′0″N 20°12′0″E), through Chad, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, and Botswana, to the south coast of South Africa (34°41′30″S 20°12′0″E).
  • The longest in South America is 7,098 km (4,410 ไมล์) along the meridian 70°2'W, from the north coast of Venezuela (11°30′30″N 70°2′0″W), through Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Chile, to the southern tip of Argentina (52°33′30″S 70°2′0″W).
  • The longest in North America is 5,813 km (3,612 ไมล์) along the meridian 97°52'30"W, from northern Canada (68°21′0″N 97°52′30″W), through the United States, to southern Mexico (16°1′0″N 97°52′30″W).
• The longest continuous north-south distance at sea is 15,986 km (9,933 ไมล์) along the meridian 34°45'45"W, from the coast of Eastern Greenland (66°23′45″N 34°45′45″W) across the Atlantic Ocean to the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, on the coast of Antarctica (77°37′0″S 34°45′45″W). The longest in the Pacific Ocean is 15,883 km (9,869 ไมล์) along the meridian 172°8'30"W, from the coast of Siberia (64°45′0″N 172°8′30″W) to the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica (78°20′0″S 172°8′30″W).
• The meridian that crosses the greatest total distance on land (disregarding intervening bodies of water) is still to be determined. It is likely located in the vicinity of 22°E, which is the longest integer meridian that fits that criterion, crossing a total of 13,035 km (8,100 ไมล์) of land through Europe (3,370 km (2,090 ไมล์)), Africa (7,458 km (4,634 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,207 km (1,371 ไมล์)). More than 65% of the meridian's length is located on land. The meridian that crosses Giza Great Pyramid (31°08'3.69"E) is 855 km (531 ไมล์) shorter.
  • The next six longest integer meridians by total distance over land are, in order:
    • 23°E: 12,953 km (8,049 ไมล์) through Europe (3,325 km (2,066 ไมล์)), Africa (7,415 km (4,607 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,214 km (1,376 ไมล์))
    • 27°E: 12,943 km (8,042 ไมล์) through Europe (3,254 km (2,022 ไมล์)), Asia (246 km (153 ไมล์)), Africa (7,223 km (4,488 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,221 km (1,380 ไมล์))
    • 25°E: 12,875 km (8,000 ไมล์) through Europe (3,344 km (2,078 ไมล์)), Africa (7,327 km (4,553 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,204 km (1,370 ไมล์))
    • 26°E: 12,858 km (7,990 ไมล์) through Europe (3,404 km (2,115 ไมล์)), Africa (7,258 km (4,510 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,196 km (1,365 ไมล์))
    • 24°E: 12,794 km (7,950 ไมล์) through Europe (3,263 km (2,028 ไมล์)), Africa (7,346 km (4,565 ไมล์)), and Antarctica (2,185 km (1,358 ไมล์))
    • 28°E: 12,778 km (7,940 ไมล์) through Europe (3,039 km (1,888 ไมล์)), Asia (388 km (241 ไมล์)), and Africa (7,117 km (4,422 ไมล์))

Along any geodesic

These are the longest straight lines that can be drawn between any two points on the surface of the Earth and remain exclusively over land or water; the points need not lie on the same latitude or longitude.

• The longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction on land is 13,573 km (8,434 ไมล์), along a line that begins on the West African coast near Greenville, Liberia (5°2′51.59″N 9°7′23.26″W), goes across the Suez Canal, and ends at the top of a peninsula approximately 100 km (62 ไมล์) northeast of Wenzhou, China 28°17′7.68″N 121°38′17.31″E.
  • The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Africa is 8,402 km (5,221 ไมล์), along a line that begins just east of Tangier, Morocco and ends 100 km (62 ไมล์) east of Port Elizabeth, South Africa. This line passes through Morocco, Algeria, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana and South Africa.
  • The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Asia is 10,152 km (6,308 ไมล์), along a line that begins on the Indian coast near Kanyakumari and ends at the Bering Sea coast of the Chukchi Peninsula in Russia. This line passes through India, Nepal, China, Mongolia and Russia.
  • The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Europe (defining the Ural Mountains as the border between Europe and Asia) is 5,325 km (3,309 ไมล์), along a line that begins at Cape St. Vincent, Portugal and ends at the Urals, near the town of Perm, Russia. This line passes through Portugal, Spain, France, Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia.
  • The longest continuous straight-line land distance solely within continental Australia is 4,053 km (2,518 ไมล์), along a line that begins at the southern end of Cape Range National Park in Western Australia and ends at the town of Byron Bay in New South Wales.
• There are several possible candidates for the longest continuous straight-line distance in any direction at sea, as there are many possible ways to travel along a great circle for more than the antipodic length of 19,840 km (12,330 ไมล์). Some good examples of such routes would be:
  • From the south coast of Balochistan province somewhere near Port of Karachi, Pakistan (25°25′N 66°25′E) across the Arabian Sea, southwest through the Indian Ocean, near Comoros, passing Namaete Canyon, near the South African coast, across the South Atlantic Ocean, then west across Cape Horn, then northwest across the Pacific Ocean, near Easter Island, passing the antipodal point near Amlia island, through the South Bering Sea and ending somewhere on the northeast coast of Kamchatka, near Ossora (59°38′N 163°24′E). This route is 32,040 km (19,910 ไมล์) long. This route was confirmed to be the longest (at about 32090 km) given map data at a 1.8 km level of resolution.
  • From the south coast of Hormozgan province, Iran (25°35′N 58°22′E) across the Gulf of Oman, southeast across the Arabian Sea, passing south of Australia and New Zealand, near the Antarctic coast, then northeast across the South Pacific Ocean, passing the antipodal point and ending on the southwest coast of Mexico somewhere near Ciudad Lázaro Cárdenas (17°57′N 101°57′W). This route is 25,267 km (15,700 ไมล์) long.
  • From Invercargill, New Zealand (46°37′S 168°59′E) across Cape Horn, then off the coast of Brazil close to Recife, passing north of Cape Verde, passing the antipodal point and ending somewhere on the southwest coast of Ireland (52°09′N 6°34′W). This route is 20,701 km (12,863 ไมล์) long.