ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี
ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง
ผู้นำของจี 20

ประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง (อังกฤษ: middle power) หมายถึง รัฐซึ่งมีความสามารถที่จะแผ่อิทธิพลในระดับภูมิภาค ซึ่งแม้จะไม่ใช่ทั้งอภิมหาอำนาจหรือมหาอำนาจ แต่ก็มีความสามารถในการแผ่อิทธิพลในภูมิภาคของตนเอง

ความเหลื่อมระหว่างมหาอำนาจและประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

มีแหล่งข้อมูลกล่าวถึงประเทศเหล่านี้ว่าเป็นประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

รายชื่อประเทศอำนาจปานกลาง

ดูเพิ่ม

อ้างอิง

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 P. Shearman, M. Sussex, European Security After 9/11(Ashgate, 2004) - According to Shearman and Sussex, both the UK and France were great powers now reduced to middle power status.
  2. ↑ Otte M, Greve J (2000) A Rising Middle Power?: German Foreign Policy in Transformation, 1989-1999, St. Martin's Press
  3. ↑ Sperling, James (2001). "Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post Cold-War Europe". British Journal of Political Science. 31 (2). doi:10.1017/S0007123401000151.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Tobias Harris, 'Japan Accepts its "Middle-Power" Fate'. Far Eastern Economic Review Vol. 171, No. 6 (2008), p. 45: 'Japan is settling into a position as a middle power in Asia, sitting uneasily between the U.S., its security ally, and China, its most important economic partner. In this it finds itself in a situation similar to Australia, India, South Korea and the members of Asean.'
  5. ↑ Efstathopoulos, Charalampos (2011). "Reinterpreting India's Rise through the Middle Power Prism". Asian Journal of Political Science. 19 (1): 74–95. doi:10.1080/02185377.2011.568246. India's role in the contemporary world order can be optimally asserted by the middle power concept. The concept allows for distinguishing both strengths and weakness of India's globalist agency, shifting the analytical focus beyond material-statistical calculations to theorise behavioural, normative and ideational parameters.
  6. ↑ Robert W. Bradnock, India's Foreign Policy since 1971 (The Royal Institute for International Affairs, London: Pinter Publishers, 1990), quoted in Leonard Stone, 'India and the Central Eurasian Space', Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 24, No. 2, 2007, p. 183: 'The U.S. is a superpower whereas India is a middle power. A superpower could accommodate another superpower because the alternative would be equally devastating to both. But the relationship between a superpower and a middle power is of a different kind. The former does not need to accommodate the latter while the latter cannot allow itself to be a satellite of the former."
  7. ↑ Cartwright, Jan (2009). "India's Regional and International Support for Democracy: Rhetoric or Reality?". Asian Survey. 49 (3): 403–428. doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.3.403. India’s democratic rhetoric has also helped it further establish its claim as being a rising "middle power." (A "middle power" is a term that is used in the field of international relations to describe a state that is not a superpower but still wields substantial influence globally. In addition to India, other "middle powers" include, for example, Australia and Canada.)
  8. ↑ Verbeek, Bertjan; Giacomello, Giampiero (2011). Italy's foreign policy in the twenty-first century : the new assertiveness of an aspiring middle power. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4868-6.
  9. ↑ "Operation Alba may be considered one of the most important instances in which Italy has acted as a regional power, taking the lead in executing a technically and politically coherent and determined strategy." See Federiga Bindi, Italy and the European Union (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2011), p. 171.
  10. ↑ "Italy plays a prominent role in European and global military, cultural and diplomatic affairs. The country's European political, social and economic influence make it a major regional power." See Italy: Justice System and National Police Handbook, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: International Business Publications, 2009), p. 9.
  11. ↑ Cox, Robert W. (1989). "Middlepowermanship, Japan, and future world order". International Journal. 44 (4): 823–862. doi:10.1177/002070208904400405.
  12. ↑ Soeya Yoshihide, 'Diplomacy for Japan as a Middle Power, Japan Echo, Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 36-41.
  13. ↑ Neumann, Iver B. (2008). "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007". Journal of International Relations and Development. 11: 128–151 [p. 128]. doi:10.1057/jird.2008.7. As long as Russia's rationality of government deviates from present-day hegemonic neo-liberal models by favouring direct state rule rather than indirect governance, the West will not recognize Russia as a fully fledged great power.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Wurst J (2006) Middle Powers Initiative Briefing Paper, GSI Archived มิถุนายน 14, 2007 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Cooper AF (1997) Niche Diplomacy - Middle Powers after the Cold War, palgrave
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Bernard Wood, 'Towards North-South Middle Power Coalitions', in Middle Power Internationalism: The North-South Dimension, edited by Cranford Pratt (Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).
  17. ↑ อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ Jordaan
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Yasmi Adriansyah, 'Questioning Indonesia's place in the world', Asia Times (20 September 2011): 'Countries often categorized as middle power (MP) include Australia, Canada and Japan. The reasons for this categorization are the nations' advanced political-economic stature as well as their significant contribution to international cooperation and development. India and Brazil have recently become considered middle powers because of their rise in the global arena—particularly with the emerging notion of BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China).'
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Buzan, Barry (2004). The United States and the Great Powers. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. p. 71. ISBN 0-7456-3375-7. {{cite book}}: Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า : |coauthors= (help)
  20. ↑ Hazleton WA (2005) Middle Power Bandwagoning? Australia's Security Relationship with the United States, allacademic
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 Solomon S (1997) South African Foreign Policy and Middle Power Leadership, ISS
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 demosEUROPA – Centre for European Strategy Golden Age of Middle Powers?, Adam Balcer, January 2012
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Inoguchi K (2002) The UN Disarmament Conference in Kyote Archived กันยายน 29, 2007 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน.
  24. ↑ Caplan G (2006) From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons learned?, SudanTribune
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Heine J (2006) On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy, ISN Archived ตุลาคม 7, 2007 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Gladys Lechini, Middle Powers: IBSA and the New South-South Cooperation. NACLA Report on the Americas, Vol. 40, No. 5 (2007): 28-33: 'Today, a new, more selective South-South cooperation has appeared, bringing some hope to the people of our regions. The trilateral alliance known as the India, Brazil, and South Africa Dialogue Forum, or IBSA, exemplifies the trend … The three member countries face the same problems and have similar interests. All three consider themselves "middle powers" and leaders of their respective regions, yet they have also been subject to pressures from the North.'
  27. ↑ Daniel Flemes, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspective of the IBSA Dialogue Forum. Hamburg: GIGA, 2007.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Behringer, Ronald M. (2005). "Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda". Cooperation and Conflict. 40 (3): 305–342. doi:10.1177/0010836705055068.
  29. ↑ Crosby, Ann Denholm (1997). "A Middle-Power Military in Alliance: Canada and NORAD". Journal of Peace Research. 34 (1): 37–52. doi:10.1177/0022343397034001004. JSTOR 424829.
  30. ↑ Petersen K (2003) Quest to Reify Canada as a Middle Power, Dissident Voice
  31. ↑ "THE UN DISARMAMENT CONFERENCE IN KYOTO". disarm.emb-japan.go.jp. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 16 January 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 November 2015. {{cite web}}: ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ |deadurl= ถูกละเว้น แนะนำ (|url-status=) (help)
  32. ↑ Heine, Jorge. "On the Manner of Practising the New Diplomacy". The Centre for International Governance Innovation. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2007-10-07. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 November 2015.[ลิงก์เสีย]
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 Pratt C (1990) Middle Power Internationalism, MQUP
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Cooper, Andrew F.; Antkiewicz, Agata; Shaw, Timothy M. (2007). "Lessons from/for BRICSAM about South-North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century: Economic Size Trumps All Else?". International Studies Review. 9 (4): 673–689. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2486.2007.00730.x.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Ploughshares Monitor (1997) Scrapping the Bomb: The role of middle power countries
  36. ↑ GILLEY, BRUCE (September 10, 2012). "The Rise of the Middle Powers". The New York Times Company. p. 1. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 March 2015.
  37. ↑ Thanos Veremēs (1997)The Military in greek Politics "Black Rose Books"
  38. ↑ Higgott, Richard A.; Cooper, Andrew Fenton (1990). "Middle power leadership and coalition building: Australia, the Cairns Group, and the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations". International Organization. 44 (4): 589–632. doi:10.1017/S0020818300035414. JSTOR 2706854.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Jonathan H. Ping, Middle Power Statecraft: Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Asia Pacific (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
  40. ↑ Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Raymond Hinnesbusch, Syria and Iran: Middle Power in a Penetrated Regional System (London: Routledge, 1997).
  41. ↑ Samhat, Nayef H. (2000). "Middle Powers and American Foreign Policy: Lessons for Irano-U.S. Relations, 1962–77". Policy Studies Journal. 28 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2000.tb02013.x.
  42. ↑ Ahouie M (2004) Iran Analysis Quarterly, MIT
  43. ↑ Foreign Affairs Committee (2006) Iran
  44. ↑ www.lrb.co.uk
  45. ↑ www.acronym.org.uk
  46. ↑ LSE: Middle East Centre The New Politics of Intervention of Gulf Arab States, April 2015
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Mace G, Belanger L (1999) The Americas in Transition: The Contours of Regionalism (p 153)
  48. ↑ Kim R. Nossal and Richard Stubbs, 'Mahathir's Malaysia: An Emerging Middle Power?' in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  49. ↑ Louis Belanger and Gordon Mace, 'Middle Powers and Regionalism in the Americas: The Cases of Argentina and Mexico', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Pierre G. Goad, 'Middle Powers to the Rescue?', Far Eastern Economic Review, Vol. 163, No. 24 (2000), p. 69.
  51. ↑ Pellicer O (2006) Mexico – a Reluctant Middle Power?, FES
  52. ↑ Politics and Power in the Maghreb, Michael J. Willis (2012)
  53. ↑ อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ <ref> ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อ MPI
  54. ↑ Oman: A Unique Foreign Policy Produces a Key Player in Middle Eastern and Global Diplomacy, Joseph A. Kechichian
  55. ↑ Barry Buzan (2004). The United States and the great powers: world politics in the twenty-first century. Polity. pp. 71, 99. ISBN 978-0-7456-3374-9. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 December 2011.
  56. ↑ Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft, B.J.C. McKercher (2012), Page 189
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Jonathan H. Ping Middle Power Statecraft (p 104)
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Spero, Joshua (2004). Bridging the European Divide. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 206. ISBN 9780742535534. ISBN 0-7425-3553-3.
  59. ↑ Kirton J (2006) Harper’s Foreign Policy Success?
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 according to Yves Lacoste, Géopolitique, Larousse, 2009,p. 134, both Spain and Portugal exert a real influence in Africa and in the Americas.
  61. ↑ Cooper, Andrew F. "Middle Powers: Squeezed out or Adaptive?". Public Diplomacy Magazine. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 March 2015.
  62. ↑ Kamrava, Mehran. "Mediation and Qatari Foreign Policy" (PDF). สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 March 2015.
  63. ↑ findarticles.com[ลิงก์เสีย]
  64. ↑ yaleglobal.yale.edu[ลิงก์เสีย]
  65. ↑ Peter Vale, 'South Africa: Understanding the Upstairs and the Downstairs', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  66. ↑ Van Der Westhuizen, Janis (1998). "South Africa's emergence as a middle power". Third World Quarterly. 19 (3): 435–456. doi:10.1080/01436599814334.
  67. ↑ Pfister R (2006) The Apartheid Republuc and African States, H-Net
  68. ↑ Jordaan, Eduard (August 2008). "Barking at the Big Dogs: South Africa's Foreign Policy Towards the Middle East". The Round Table. 97 (397): 547–559. doi:10.1080/00358530802207344.
  69. ↑ Flemes, Daniel, Emerging Middle Powers' Soft Balancing Strategy: State and Perspectives of the IBSA Dialogue Forum (August 1, 2007). GIGA Working Paper No. 57. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1007692
  70. ↑ Armstrong DF (1997) South Korea's foreign policy in the post-Cold War era: A middle power perspective
  71. ↑ Rozman, Gilbert (2007). "South Korea and Sino-Japanese rivalry: a middle power's options within the East Asian core triangle". The Pacific Review. 20 (2): 197–220. doi:10.1080/09512740701306840.
  72. ↑ Woosang Kim, 'Korea as a Middle Power in Northeast Asian Security, in The United States and Northeast Asia: Debates, Issues, and New Order, edited by G. John Ikenbgerry and Chung-in Moon (Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
  73. ↑ Sheridan, Greg (27 November 2008). "The plucky country and the lucky country draw closer". The Australian.
  74. ↑ Shin, Soon-ok (2016). "South Korea's elusive middlepowermanship: regional or global player?". The Pacific Review. 29 (2): 187–209. doi:10.1080/09512748.2015.1013494.
  75. ↑ Rudengren J, Gisle P, Brann K (1995) Middle Power Clout: Sweden And The Development Banks
  76. ↑ Meltem Myftyler and Myberra Yyksel, 'Turkey: A Middle Power in the New Order', in Niche Diplomacy: Middle Powers After the Cold War, edited by Andrew F. Cooper (London: Macmillan, 1997).
  77. ↑ Laipson, Ellen (3 September 2014). "The UAE and Egypt's New Frontier in Libya". The National Interest. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 October 2014.
  78. ↑ Evans, Gareth (29 June 2011). "Middle Power Diplomacy". สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 October 2014.
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