เศรษฐกิจแบบผสม

เศรษฐกิจแบบผสม เป็นระบบเศรษฐกิจซึ่งทั้งภาคเอกชนและรัฐชี้นำเศรษฐกิจ ซึ่งสะท้อนลักษณะของทั้งเศรษฐกิจแบบตลาดและเศรษฐกิจที่มีการวางแผน^[1] เศรษฐกิจแบบผสมส่วนมากอาจอธิบายได้ว่าเป็นเศรษฐกิจแบบตลาดที่มีการควบคุมดูแลอย่างเข้มแข็งและการจัดหาสินค้าสาธารณะของรัฐบาล เศรษฐกิจแบบผสมบางแห่งยังมีลักษณะรัฐวิสาหกิจ

โดยทั่วไป เศรษฐกิจแบบผสมมีลักษณะคือ เอกชนเป็นเจ้าของปัจจัยการผลิต ความเด่นของตลาดสำหรับการประสานงานเศรษฐกิจ และวิสาหกิจแสวงผลกำไรและการสะสมทุนที่เหลือเป็นปัจจัยขับหลักเบื้องหลังกิจกรรมเศรษฐกิจ ทว่า รัฐบาลจะถืออิทธิพลในด้านเศรษฐกิจมหภาคโดยอ้อมผ่านทางนโยบายการคลังและการเงินซึ่งออกแบบมาเพื่อรับมือภาวะเศรษฐกิจตกต่ำและแนวโน้มของทุนนิยมต่อวิกฤตการณ์การเงินและการว่างงาน ร่วมกับมีบทบาทในการแทรกแซงซึ่งสนับสนุนสวัสดิการสังคม^[2] ซึ่งไม่เหมือนกับเศรษฐกิจแบบตลาดเสรี ต่อมา เศรษฐกิจแบบผสมบางประเทศได้ขยายขอบเขตให้รวมบทบาทสำหรับการวางแผนเศรษฐกิจชี้นำและ/หรือภาควิสาหกิจสาธารณะขนาดใหญ่ด้วย

ไม่มีนิยามระบบเศรษฐกิจแบบผสมอย่างเดียว โดยในปัจจุบันมีนิยามหลากหลายว่าเป็นการผสมตลาดเสรีกับการแทรกแซงของรัฐ หรือการผสมวิสาหกิจสาธารณะและเอกชน หรือเป็นการผสมระหว่างระบบตลาดและการวางแผนเศรษฐกิจ จุดแข็งหรือจุดอ่อนเปรียบเทียบของแต่ละส่วนในเศรษฐกิจของชาติอาจต่างกันได้มากแล้วแต่ประเทศ เศรษฐกิจตั้งแต่ของสหรัฐอเมริกา^[3]^[4]จนถึงคิวบา^[5]เรียก เศรษฐกิจแบบผสม คำนี้ยังใช้อธิบายเศรษฐกิจของประเทศที่เรียก รัฐสวัสดิการ เช่น ประเทศนอร์ดิก รัฐบาลในเศรษฐกิจแบบผสมมักจัดการคุ้มครองสิ่งแวดล้อม การรักษามาตรฐานการจ้างงาน ระบบสวัสดิการปรับมาตรฐานและการรักษาการแข่งขัน

อ้างอิง

↑
(NB)
- Schiller, Bradley. The Micro Economy Today, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010, p. 15. "Mixed ecoonomy - An economy that uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources." This follows immediately from a discussion on command economies and market mechanism.
- Stilwell, Frank. Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press. 2006. Stilwell
- Hendricks, Jean and Gaoreth D. Myles. Intermediate Public Economics, The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 "the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government attempts to affect these through the policies it implements."
- Gorman, Tom. The Complete Idiots Guide to Economics, Alpha Books (2003), p. 9"In a market economy, the private-sector businesses and consumers decide what they will produce and purchase, with little government intervention....In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed."
↑ Pollin, Robert. Resurrection of the Rentier, University of Massachusetts: http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/other_publication_types/NLR28008.pdf เก็บถาวร 2019-04-12 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, p. 141-142: "The underlying premise behind the mixed economy was straightforward. Keynes and like-minded reformers were not willing to give up on capitalism, in particular two of its basic features: that ownership and control of the economy’s means of production would remain primarily in the hands of private capitalists; and that most economic activity would be guided by ‘market forces’, that is, the dynamic combination of material self-seeking and competition. More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free-market capitalism, should continue to be capitalists trying to make as much profit as they can. At the same time, Keynes was clear that in maintaining a profit-driven marketplace, it was also imperative to introduce policy interventions to counteract capitalism’s inherent tendencies—demonstrated to devastating effect during the 1930s calamity—toward financial breakdowns, depressions and mass unemployment. Keynes’s framework also showed how full employment and social welfare interventions could be justified not simply on grounds of social uplift, but could also promote the stability of capitalism."
↑ U.S. Economy - Basic Conditions & Resources. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
↑ (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works เก็บถาวร 2012-01-14 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Accessed: October 24, 2011.
↑ The Challenges of Cuba's Economy - An Interview with Dr. Antonio Romero เก็บถาวร 2008-06-16 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. Also, India has been a hub for practicing mixed economic structure since its independence. Jawaharlal Nehru was a strong proponent of mixed economy. In 1998 "Transformations have occurred in property ownership, employment systems, and income levels to the extent that today we have a particular kind of mixed economy."

บทความเศรษฐศาสตร์ การเงิน ธุรกิจ หรือ การค้านี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยการเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล

[1] (NB)
Schiller, Bradley. The Micro Economy Today, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010, p. 15. "Mixed ecoonomy - An economy that uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources." This follows immediately from a discussion on command economies and market mechanism.

Stilwell, Frank. Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press. 2006. Stilwell

Hendricks, Jean and Gaoreth D. Myles. Intermediate Public Economics, The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 "the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government attempts to affect these through the policies it implements."

Gorman, Tom. The Complete Idiots Guide to Economics, Alpha Books (2003), p. 9"In a market economy, the private-sector businesses and consumers decide what they will produce and purchase, with little government intervention....In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed."

[2] Schiller, Bradley. The Micro Economy Today, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2010, p. 15. "Mixed ecoonomy - An economy that uses both market signals and government directives to allocate goods and resources." This follows immediately from a discussion on command economies and market mechanism.

[3] Stilwell, Frank. Political Economy: The Contest of Economic Ideas, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press. 2006. Stilwell

[4] Hendricks, Jean and Gaoreth D. Myles. Intermediate Public Economics, The MIT Press, 2006, p. 4 "the mixed economy where individual decisions are respected but the government attempts to affect these through the policies it implements."

[5] Gorman, Tom. The Complete Idiots Guide to Economics, Alpha Books (2003), p. 9"In a market economy, the private-sector businesses and consumers decide what they will produce and purchase, with little government intervention....In a command economy, also known as a planned economy, the government largely determines what is produced and in what amounts. In a mixed economy, both market forces and government decisions determine which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed."

[2] Pollin, Robert. Resurrection of the Rentier, University of Massachusetts: http://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/other_publication_types/NLR28008.pdf เก็บถาวร 2019-04-12 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน, p. 141-142: "The underlying premise behind the mixed economy was straightforward. Keynes and like-minded reformers were not willing to give up on capitalism, in particular two of its basic features: that ownership and control of the economy’s means of production would remain primarily in the hands of private capitalists; and that most economic activity would be guided by ‘market forces’, that is, the dynamic combination of material self-seeking and competition. More specifically, the driving force of the mixed economy, as with free-market capitalism, should continue to be capitalists trying to make as much profit as they can. At the same time, Keynes was clear that in maintaining a profit-driven marketplace, it was also imperative to introduce policy interventions to counteract capitalism’s inherent tendencies—demonstrated to devastating effect during the 1930s calamity—toward financial breakdowns, depressions and mass unemployment. Keynes’s framework also showed how full employment and social welfare interventions could be justified not simply on grounds of social uplift, but could also promote the stability of capitalism."

[3] U.S. Economy - Basic Conditions & Resources. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany. "The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles." Accessed: October 24, 2011.

[4] (4)Outline of the U.S. Economy – (2)How the U.S. Economy Works เก็บถาวร 2012-01-14 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. U.S. Embassy Information Resource Center. "As a result, the American economy is perhaps better described as a "mixed" economy, with government playing an important role along with private enterprise. Although Americans often disagree about exactly where to draw the line between their beliefs in both free enterprise and government management, the mixed economy they have developed has been remarkably successful." Accessed: October 24, 2011.

[5] The Challenges of Cuba's Economy - An Interview with Dr. Antonio Romero เก็บถาวร 2008-06-16 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. Also, India has been a hub for practicing mixed economic structure since its independence. Jawaharlal Nehru was a strong proponent of mixed economy. In 1998 "Transformations have occurred in property ownership, employment systems, and income levels to the extent that today we have a particular kind of mixed economy."

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