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{{Infobox television channel
{{ต้องการอ้างอิง}}{{กล่องข้อมูล สถานีโทรทัศน์
| name = รัสเซียทูเดย์
| name = อาร์ที
| logofile = Russia-today-logo.svg
| logo = Russia-today-logo.svg
| logosize = 200px
| logo_size = 200px
| type = [[สื่อของรัฐ]],<ref name="state media" /><br />[[ช่องข่าว]],<br />[[การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อ|โฆษณาชวนเชื่อ]]<ref name="propaganda" />
| launch = {{Birth date and age|2005|12|10}}
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2005|12|10}} (ลงทะเบียนวันที่ 6 เมษายน ค.ศ. 2005)<ref name="ReferenceA">[[:File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf]]</ref>
⚫
| country = [[ประเทศรัสเซีย]]
| owner = ANO "TV-Novosti"<ref name="RT Contact info">{{cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/about-us/contact-info/|title=Contact info|website=RT International|language=en-EN|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
⚫
| broadcast area = ทั่วโลก
| picture_format = [[1080i]] ([[High-definition television|HDTV]])<br />(ลดสเกลไปเป็น [[16:9]] [[480i]]/[[576i]] สำหรับฟีดแบบ [[SDTV]])
⚫
| headquarters = [[มอสโก]], [[ประเทศรัสเซีย]]
⚫
| country = รัสเซีย
| sister names = [[Rusiya Al-Yaum]], [[อาร์ที ด๊อกคิวเมนเทอรี]]
| language = ช่องข่าว:<br /> อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, อาหรับ และสเปน <br />
⚫
| web = {{url|http://rt.com}}
[[ช่องโทรทัศน์|ช่อง]]สารคดี:<br />อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, รัสเซีย<br />แพลตฟอร์มออนไลน์:<br />เยอรมัน<ref name="RTCorporate">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rt.com/about-us/|title=About RT (formerly corporate profile)|website=RT International|language=en-EN|access-date=14 April 2017}}</ref>
⚫
| area = ทั่วโลก
⚫
| headquarters = [[มอสโก]]
⚫
| former_names = รัสเซีย ทูเดย์ (2005–2009)
| sister_channels = {{plainlist|
* [[RT America]] (2010–2022)
* [[RT France]] (2017–2022)
* [[RT UK]] (2014–2022)
* [[RT DE]] (2014–2022)
* [[RT en Español]]
* [[RT Arabic]]
* [[RT Documentary]]
* [[Ruptly]]<ref name="Ruptly" /> (รวม Redfish และ [[Maffick]])<ref name="Times Redfish" /><ref name="CNN Maffick"/>
}}
}}
⚫
| website = {{url|https://www.rt.com/}}
}}
[[File:Russia-Today-Logo.svg|thumb|150px|โลโกแรกของอาร์ทีใน ค.ศ. 2005 ถึง 2009]]
'''อาร์ที''' ({{lang-en|RT}}; อดีตมีชื่อว่า '''รัสเซีย ทูเดย์''' ({{lang|Rn|Russia Today}} หรือ '''รอสซียา เซกอดนียา''' ({{lang-ru|Россия Сегодня}}))<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pisnia |first=Natalka |date=2017-11-15 |title=Why has RT registered as a foreign agent with the US? |language=en |work=[[BBC News]] |location=Washington |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41991683 |access-date=2022-03-02}}</ref> เป็นเครือข่ายโทรทัศน์ข่าวต่างประเทศของรัสเซียที่[[สื่อของรัฐ|ควบคุมโดยรัฐ]]<!-- This part of the lead has been discussed many times. Reliable sources use "state-controlled". Please do not change it without prior discussion -->{{refn|name=state media|<ref name="Journalism Studies">{{cite journal |last1=Haigh |first1=Maria |last2=Haigh |first2=Thomas |last3=Kozak |first3=Nadine I. |title=Stopping Fake News |journal=[[Journalism Studies]] |date=26 October 2018 |volume=19 |issue=14 |pages=2062–2087 |doi=10.1080/1461670X.2017.1316681 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316465929 |access-date=1 March 2022 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |s2cid=152142122 |issn=1461-670X |via=[[Taylor & Francis]]}}</ref>{{rp|p=2070|q=The state-owned Russia Today channel, carried widely in Western countries (Cohen 2014) as a result of subsidies provided by Moscow to cable and satellite operators (Zavadski 2015), mimics the form but not the journalistic practices of conventional news channels such as CNN.}}<ref name="International Affairs 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Golovchenko |first1=Yevgeniy |last2=Hartmann |first2=Mareike |last3=Adler-Nissen |first3=Rebecca |author-link3=Rebecca Adler-Nissen |title=State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation |journal=[[International Affairs (journal)|International Affairs]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=1 September 2018 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pages=975–994 |doi=10.1093/ia/iiy148 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article/94/5/975/5092080 |access-date=20 March 2021 |issn=0020-5850 |quote=Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013–2014, the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state-controlled online outlets such as RT (formerly known as Russia Today), Sputnik and Life News.}}</ref><ref name="European Security 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Hellman |first1=Maria |last2=Wagnsson |first2=Charlotte |title=How can European states respond to Russian information warfare? An analytical framework |journal=[[European Security]] |date=3 April 2017 |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=153–170 |doi=10.1080/09662839.2017.1294162 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423124457/https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/773054/mod_resource/content/0/hellman2017.pdf |archive-date=23 Apr 2021 |url=https://dl1.cuni.cz/pluginfile.php/773054/mod_resource/content/0/hellman2017.pdf |access-date=23 Sep 2022 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |s2cid=157635419 |via=[[Charles University]]}}</ref>{{rp|4|q=Use of state-controlled media such as RT (previously known as Russia Today) to spread the Russian narrative or contest the opponent's narrative is an important part of Russian information warfare.}}<ref name="Digital War 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Al-Rawi |first1=Ahmed |title=How did Russian and Iranian trolls' disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge? |journal=Digital War |date=12 February 2021 |volume=2 |issue=1–3 |pages=21–34 |doi=10.1057/s42984-020-00029-4 |doi-access=free |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |language=en |issn=2662-1983}}</ref>{{rp|2|q=One of the major tools highlighted by the author is Russia Today, the state-controlled international television network that is often cited by Russian trolls in their dissemination of Pro-Kremlin messages.}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Denton |first1=Allison |title=Fake News: The Legality of the Russian 2016 Facebook Influence Campaign |journal=[[Boston University International Law Journal]] |date=16 April 2019 |volume=37 |pages=209 |url=https://www.bu.edu/ilj/files/2020/04/Denton.pdf |publisher=[[Boston University School of Law]] |quote=Additionally, the U.S. is not the only country that has been targeted by Russian influence campaigns. Russia has been accused of conducting another influence campaign prior to the 2017 French election between Marine Le Pen (Russia's pick) and Emmanuel Macron. Before the election, Kremlin-controlled news sources Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik reported that Macron was secretly gay, and that he was backed by a “very rich gay lobby.”}}</ref><ref name="HKS 2020" />{{rp|at=Implications|q=However, when it comes to disinformation from state-controlled media sources platforms’ options are more limited. Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. [...] State-media outlets often have no overt connection to their host state on their social media channels or their website. For instance, “In The Now” appears like any other short video news service and racks up millions of views but is a subsidiary of RT (O’Sullivan et al., 2019).}}}} ซึ่งได้รับทุนจาก[[รัฐบาลรัสเซีย]]<ref name="MaxFisher">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2013/06/13/in-case-you-werent-clear-on-russia-todays-relationship-to-moscow-putin-clears-it-up/|title=In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up|last=Fisher|first=Max|date=13 June 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=31 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Nimmo">{{cite news |last=Nimmo |first=Ben |date=8 January 2018 |title=Question That: RT's Military Mission |work=Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab |publisher=[[medium.com]] |url=https://medium.com/dfrlab/question-that-rts-military-mission-4c4bd9f72c88 |access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> โดยให้บริการ[[โทรทัศน์จ่ายค่ารับชม]]และช่อง[[ฟรีทูแอร์]]แก่ผู้ชมนอกประเทศรัสเซีย และให้บริการเนื้อหาอินเทอร์เน็ตในภาษารัสเซีย อังกฤษ สเปน ฝรั่งเศส เยอรมัน และอาหรับ


อาร์ทีเป็นแบรนด์ของ TV-Novosti องค์กรอิสระไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรที่ก่อตั้งโดย[[รีอะโนวัสติ]] สำนักข่าวของรัฐรัสเซีย ในเดือนเมษายน ค.ศ. 2005<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Журнал Стандарт / №09(80) сентябрь 2009Вести с эфирного фронта {{!}} ComNews |url=https://www.comnews.ru/standart/article/52517 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.comnews.ru}}</ref> ในช่วงวิกฤติเศรษฐกิจในเดือนธันวาคม ค.ศ. 2008 รัฐบาลรัสเซียที่นำโดยนายกรัฐมนตรี [[วลาดีมีร์ ปูติน]] รวม ANO "TV-Novosti" เข้ากีบ[[List of strategic organizations of Russia|รายการองค์กรหลักที่มีความสำคัญเชิงกลยุทธ์ต่อรัสเซีย]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.premier.gov.ru/eng/events/messages/2883/|title=Archive of the official site of the 2008–2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin|publisher=[[Government of the Russian Federation|Government of Russia]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format=DOC|url=http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/mainnews/33281de212bf49fdbf39d611cadbae95.doc|script-title=ru:Перечень системообразующих организаций, утвержденный Правительственной комиссией по повышению устойчивости развития российской экономики|language=ru|trans-title=List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy|publisher=government.ru|access-date=18 March 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227071316/http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/mainnews/33281de212bf49fdbf39d611cadbae95.doc|archive-date=27 December 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://top.rbc.ru/economics/25/12/2008/271243.shtml|script-title=ru:Правительство РФ приняло перечень системообразующих организаций|language=ru|trans-title=The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations|work=[[RBK Group]]|access-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220071141/http://top.rbc.ru/economics/25/12/2008/271243.shtml|archive-date=20 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> อาร์ทีเป็นบริษัทแม่ของ [[Ruptly]]{{refn|name=Ruptly|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sloss |first1=David L. |title=Tyrants on Twitter: Protecting Democracies from Information Warfare |date=12 April 2022 |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-1-5036-3115-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MlcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT76 |url-access=limited |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en |quote=Ruptly, a subsidiary of RT that specializes in video, has 230,000 likes on Facebook, 52,000 Twitter followers, and 304,000 YouTube subscribers in the UK.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chobanyan |first1=Karina |editor1-last=Vartanova |editor1-first=Elena |editor2-last=Gladkova |editor2-first=Anna |journal=World of Media |title=Up for a challenge? Digital practices of 24-hour news channels |date=2020 |issue=3 |page=50 |url=http://worldofmedia.ru/volumes/2020/2020_Issue_3/World%20of%20Media_3-2020%20(1).pdf |access-date=3 March 2022 |publisher=[[Moscow State University]] |issn=2686-8016 |quote=RT, which owns Ruptly news agency, likes to post its raw footage of world events.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohen |first1=Howard |title=Tech Tock...: Time is Running Out to Find Solutions to Mis- and Disinformation and Privacy Problems |url=https://www.belfercenter.org/publication/tech-tock |date=May 2018 |website=[[Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs]] |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] |location=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en |pages=17–18 |quote=Ruptly is a news agency created by Russian funded news channel RT in 2013 to rival Reuters and AP. [...] Finally, it is very transparent about following the same agenda as RT: "Ruptly builds on and extends the core strengths and values of our parent company RT."}}</ref><ref name="Spiegel RT2">{{cite web|date=30 May 2014|title=Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/russia-uses-state-television-to-sway-opinion-at-home-and-abroad-a-971971.html|access-date=22 March 2021|website=[[Der Spiegel]]|quote=Moscow is looking beyond the short-term, seeking to influence opinion in the long-run to create "an alternative discourse in Western countries as well," says Margarita Simonyan, editor in chief of Kremlin foreign broadcaster RT, formerly known as Russia Today, which owns Ruptly.}}</ref><ref name="Interfax RT2">{{cite web|date=9 August 2020|title=В Минске задержаны двое стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly|trans-title=Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk|url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/720981|access-date=22 March 2021|website=[[Interfax]]|language=ru|quote=Двух стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly задержали в Минске, сообщил владелец сервиса, телеканал RT.|trans-quote=Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk, the owner of the service, RT TV channel, said.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Zara|first=Christopher|author-link=Christopher Zara|date=11 April 2019|title=What is Ruptly? Julian Assange arrest video footage raises eyebrows about RT-owned outlet|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90333590/what-is-ruptly-julian-assange-arrest-video-footage-raises-eyebrows-about-rt-owned-outlet|access-date=23 July 2021|website=[[Fast Company]]}}</ref><ref name="pg1104192">{{Cite web|date=11 April 2019|title=RT's video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage|url=https://pressgazette.co.uk/rt-subsidiary-ruptly-beats-uk-media-to-exclusive-julian-assange-footage/|access-date=21 October 2020|website=Press Gazette|language=en-US|quote=The footage captured by Ruptly showed Assange for the first time in about a year, now sporting a long white beard. He could be heard shouting "the UK has no sovereignty" and "the UK must resist this attempt by the Trump administration…" as he was dragged out by five police officers and put into a van.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Aro |first1=Jessikka |authorlink=Jessikka Aro |title=Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start-Up in Berlin – Tells All about the Kremlin's Global Information Operation |url=https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11820154 |website=[[Yle]] |access-date=2 March 2022 |language=en |date=6 March 2021 |quote=The company left out the essential information in its job vacancy advertisements: Ruptly is the subsidiary of the Russian state-funded media company RT, formerly Russia Today. It's located in the same office as RT's German media branch, named RT Deutsch.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Shane |last2=Nakashima |first2=Ellen |author1-link=Shane Harris |author2-link=Ellen Nakashima |title=With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda, foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/with-a-mix-of-covert-disinformation-and-blatant-propaganda-foreign-adversaries-bear-down-on-final-phase-of-presidential-campaign/2020/08/20/57997b7a-dbf1-11ea-8051-d5f887d73381_story.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |date=21 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Birnbaum |first1=Emily |title=Facebook restores previously suspended Russia-linked pages |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/431497-facebook-restores-previously-suspended-russia-linked-pages |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=3 March 2022 |language=en |date=25 February 2019}}</ref>}} ซึ่งถือครองช่องวิดีโอ Redfish และบริษัทสื่อดิจิทัล [[Maffick]].<ref name="Times Redfish">{{cite news | last=Moore | first=Matthew | title=Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin | website=[[The Times]] | date=10 February 2018 | url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/company-behind-grenfell-youtube-film-has-links-to-kremlin-k9bqlk6mf | access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="CNN Maffick">{{cite news|last1=O'Sullivan|first1=Donie|last2=Griffin|first2=Drew|last3=Devine|first3=Curt|last4=Shubert|first4=Atika|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/02/15/tech/russia-facebook-viral-videos/index.html|title=Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials|work=CNN|date=February 18, 2019|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref>
'''รัสเซีย ทูเดย์''' หรือเรียกว่า '''อาร์ที''' ออกอากาศทั่วโลกด้วย[[ภาษาอังกฤษ]] ตลอด24ชั่วโมง ของ[[รัสเซีย]]ด้วยสโลแกนที่ว่า first 24/7 English-language news channel มีการออกอากาศด้วย[[ภาษาอาหรับ]]และมีการออกอากาศด้วย[[ภาษาสเปน]]ในชื่อRT en Español (เดิมชื่อ Russia Hoy)


อาร์ทีได้รับการกล่าวถึงเป็นประจำว่าเป็นช่องทาง[[การโฆษณาชวนเชื่อในประเทศรัสเซีย|โฆษณาชวนเชื่อ]]หลักของรัฐบาลรัสเซียและ[[Foreign relations of Russia|นโยบายการต่างประเทศ]]{{refn|name=propaganda|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Langdon |first1=Kate C. |last2=Tismaneanu |first2=Vladimir |title=Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century |publisher=[[Springer International]] |isbn=978-3-030-20579-9 |pages=189–224 |date=9 July 2019 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Putin_s_Totalitarian_Democracy/FG-hDwAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |language=en |chapter=Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What? |quote=Soviet-born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia's largest propaganda outlets, RT News (formerly known as Russia Today). When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union's occupation of Estonia in 1945, the writer was chewed out by his boss, who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia. Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia's integrity, apparently, so the boss demanded that he amend his text.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Reire |first1=Gunda |title=Euro-Atlantic values and Russia's propaganda in the Euro-Atlantic space |journal=[[:pl:Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej W Lublinie|Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej]] |date=2015 |volume=13 |issue=4 |url=http://www.spcentrs.lv/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Reire-2015-Yearbook-IESW.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |via=Center for International Studies |quote=Nowadays, Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of "the second opinion" or plurality of opinions. The phrase "the second opinion" has even become the slogan of RT. For instance, this propaganda channel used the public opinion's contention as to the nature of the Iraq war, to sell itself as an impartial, objective media outlet in the USA. Overall, Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems, which is more dangerous than the old-school Soviet propaganda.}}</ref><ref name="Network Propaganda">{{Cite book|last1=Benkler|first1=Yochai|author-link1=Yochai Benkler|last2=Faris|first2=Rob|last3=Roberts|first3=Hal|chapter=Epistemic Crisis|chapter-url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001/oso-9780190923624-chapter-1|title=Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001/oso-9780190923624|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=October 2018|access-date=21 March 2021|isbn=978-0-19-092362-4|doi=10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001|doi-access=free|pages=358|oclc=1045162158|quote=The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda, both in inward-focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets, Sputnik and RT (formerly, Russia Today). Here, the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist's intervention to tell truth from non-truth.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Karlsen |first1=Geir Hågen |editor1-last=Matláry |editor1-first=Janne Haaland |editor2-last=Heier |editor2-first=Tormod |editor1-link=Janne Haaland Matláry |title=Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe |date=5 August 2016 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |isbn=978-3-319-32530-9 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9 |page=199 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9 |chapter-url-access=subscription |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Ukraine_and_Beyond/BNHMDAAAQBAJ |url-access=limited |access-date=28 February 2022 |language=en |chapter=Tools of Russian Influence: Information and Propaganda |via=[[Google Books]] |quote=The propaganda apparatus proper consists of four means: media, social media, political communication and diplomacy, and covert active measures, all tied together in a coordinated manner. The main international media channel is the RT broadcaster and website, formerly known as ''Russia Today''. It is complemented by ''Sputnik'' radio and website, news and video agencies, and the ''Russia Beyond the Headlines'' news supplement, making up a news conglomerate operating in almost 40 languages.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ižak |first1=Štefan |title=(Ab)using the topic of migration by pro-Kremlin propaganda: Case study of Slovakia |journal=Journal of Comparative Politics |date=January 2019 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=58 |url=http://www.jofcp.org/assets/jcp/JCP-January-2019.pdf |access-date=28 February 2022 |publisher=[[University of Economics in Bratislava]] / [[University of Ljubljana]] / [[Alma Mater Europaea]] |language=en |issn=1338-1385 |quote=Almost all important media in Russia are state controlled and used to feed Russian audience with Kremlin propaganda. For international propaganda Kremlin uses agencies like RT and Sputnik. Both are available in many language variations and in many countries (Hansen 2017). Aim of this propaganda is to exploit weak spots and controversial topics (in our case migration to the EU) and use them to harm integrity of the West (Pomerantsev and Weiss 2014).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Oates |first1=Sarah |last2=Steiner |first2=Sean |section=Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative|title=Russia's Public Foreign Policy Narratives|journal=Russian Analytical Digest |date=17 December 2018 |volume=17 |series=229 |pages=2–5 |doi=10.3929/ethz-b-000311091 |doi-access=free |url=https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RAD229.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Research Centre for East European Studies]]|location=[[University of Bremen]]|via=[[ETH Zurich]]|quote=The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English-language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Media|last1=Ajir|first2=Bethany|last2=Vailliant|title=Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26481910|jstor=26481910|journal=[[Strategic Studies Quarterly]]|date=Fall 2018 |issn=1936-1815|pages=70–89|volume=12|issue=3|jstor-access=free|access-date=21 March 2021|quote=The real-world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack. The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media. Most notable is the creation of the very successful government-financed international TV news channel, Russia Today (RT).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bicknell|first=Bob|date=11 December 2005|title=Russian News, English Accent|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/russian-news-english-accent-11-12-2005/|access-date=11 March 2021|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Kramer">{{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E|title=Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/23/business/media/23russiatoday.html?_r=3&pagewanted=all&|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Ukraineback">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26546083 |title=Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught|publisher=BBC|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="MacFarquhar">{{cite news|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2016/08/29/world/europe/russia-sweden-disinformation.html|title=A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories|last=MacFarquhar|first=Neil|date=28 August 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|last=Oremus|first=Will|date=2017-03-16|title=Irony Dies Again as Russia Today Launches Fake-News Debunker|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2017/03/russia-today-launches-fake-news-debunker-fakecheck.html|access-date=2021-12-17|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|language=en}}</ref>}} นักวิชาการ, ผู้ตรวจสอบข้อเท็จจริง และผู้ประกาศข่าว (รวมผู้ประกาศของของอาร์ทีทั้งในอดีตและปัจจุบัน) ระบุถึงอาร์ทีเป็นผู้จัดส่ง[[ข้อมูลบิดเบือน]]{{refn|name=disinformation|{{r|Journalism Studies|p=2077|q=Many of these fake news stories specifically involved misleadingly edited or contextualized quotes, which were highlighted in 26 percent of the StopFake reports. For example, Russia Today broadcast what it claimed was an interview with the Chief Rabbi of a Kiev synagogue, calling on his followers to emigrate because of rising anti-Semitic violence. StopFake found that the interviewee was the Chief Rabbi of Simferopol, Crimea, describing conditions under Russian occupation. This was also an example of the specific practice of wrongly identifying individuals featured in news stories, which were documented to identify news stories as fake in 15 percent of StopFake reports.}}<ref name="International Affairs 2021" />{{r|European Security 2017|p=4|q=Applebaum and Lucas (2015) see troll factories as one of two corner stones of Russian disinformation, the other being RT.}}{{r|Digital War 2021|p=11|q=The primary theme on which the Russian and Iranian trolls converge is the war in Syria, owing to Russia and Iran's military involvement and strategic interests in the Middle East. In this regard, both sets of trolls heavily relied on RT news (Russia Today) in sourcing disinformation.}}<ref name="HKS 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Nassetta |first1=Jack |last2=Gross |first2=Kimberly |title=State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation |url=https://misinforeview.hks.harvard.edu/article/state-media-warning-labels-can-counteract-the-effects-of-foreign-misinformation/ |journal=Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review |publisher=[[Harvard Kennedy School]] |location=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |doi=10.37016/mr-2020-45 |doi-access=free |date=30 October 2020 |quote=However, when it comes to disinformation from state-controlled media sources platforms’ options are more limited. Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. However, they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem. Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels, they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns, as well. For instance, the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet (Nimmo, 2017).}}</ref><ref name="MacFarquhar"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Golovchenko |first1=Yevgeniy |title=Measuring the scope of pro-Kremlin disinformation on Twitter |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |date=11 December 2020 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1057/s41599-020-00659-9 |doi-access=free |publisher=[[Springer Nature]] |language=en |issn=2662-9992 |quote=The impact of Russian state-controlled news outlets—which are frequent sources of pro-Kremlin disinformation—is concentrated in one, highly popular news outlet, RT. [...] When it comes to overt reach, the Russian government openly funds English-speaking outlets, such as Sputnik News and RT. These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro-Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars, fact-checkers and Western authorities (BBC, 2019; Elliot, 2019; Thornton, 2015).}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Christopher |title=The Hijacking of "Soft Power" |journal=[[Journal of Democracy]] |date=2016 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=49–63 |doi=10.1353/jod.2016.0007 |url=https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/January-2016-JOD-Hijacking-of-Soft-Power-Christopher-Walker.pdf |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]] |s2cid=31802016 |via=[[National Endowment for Democracy]] |quote=State or state-friendly media in Russia – Life News, NTV, Channel One Russia, and Russia 24—disseminate not just the Kremlin's narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian-speaking space. These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well. RT, meanwhile, pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fletcher |first1=Richard |last2=Cornia |first2=Alessio |last3=Graves |first3=Lucas |author-link3=Lucas Graves |last4=Nielsen |first4=Rasmus Kleis |author-link4=Rasmus Kleis Nielsen |title=Measuring the reach of "fake news" and online disinformation in Europe |journal=Australasian Policing |date=1 January 2018 |volume=10 |issue=2 |url=https://www.mediterraneocronaca.it/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Measuring-the-reach-of-fake-news-and-online-distribution-in-Europe-CORRECT-FLAG.pdf |access-date=25 February 2022 |via=Mediterraneo Cronaca |quote=For comparative purposes, we also included two prominent Russian news sites which have featured in European policy discussions around disinformation, namely Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik. These Russian state-backed organisations are clearly different from sites that engage in for-profit fabrication of false news, but both independent fact-checkers and the EU's European External Action Service East Stratcom Task Force have identified multiple instances where these sites have published disinformation.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borges |first1=Priscila Monteiro |last2=Gambarato |first2=Renira Rampazzo |title=The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook: A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms, Fake News, and Transmedia Journalism |journal=[[International Journal of Communication]] |publisher=[[USC Annenberg Press]] |date=29 January 2019 |volume=13 |pages=603–618 |url=https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/10304 |access-date=26 February 2022 |language=en |issn=1932-8036 |quote=Notorious examples of fake news masquerading as news can be found in reports broadcast on the U.S. cable news channel Fox News (Schram & Fording, 2018) and the Russian international television network RT (Russia Today; Dowling, 2017). Thus, there are also a number of fake news reports published by traditional media outlets (White, 2017), generating a consequent increase in distrust for traditional journalism (Siddique, 2018).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=LoGiurato|first=Brett|date=30 April 2014|title=Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/state-department-responds-rt-russia-today-john-kerry-2014-4|access-date=11 March 2021|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Crowley|first=Michael|date=1 May 2014|title=Tit-for-Tat: Putin's Maddening Propaganda Trick|url=https://time.com/84843/vladimir-putin-russia-propaganda/|access-date=11 March 2021|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><ref name="sarafirth">{{cite news|last=Plunkett|first=John|date=18 July 2014|title=Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2014/jul/18/mh17-russia-today-reporter-resigns-sara-firth-kremlin-malaysia|access-date=11 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="Reliable Sources">{{cite news|title=Putin TV in Chaos|url=http://edition.cnn.com/videos/bestoftv/2014/03/23/rs-putin-tv-in-chaos.cnn<!--|http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1403/23/rs.01.html-->|publisher=CNN|date=24 March 2014|author=Brian Stelter}}</ref>}} และ[[ทฤษฎีสมคบคิด]]{{refn|name=conspiracy theories|<ref name="economist-wobbly">{{cite news |date=6 July 2010 |title=Airwaves wobbly |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2010/07/russia_today_goes_mad |newspaper=[[The Economist]]}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref name="Yablokov 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Yablokov |first1=Ilya |title=Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of ''Russia Today'' (''RT'') |journal=[[Politics (academic journal)|Politics]] |date=November 2015 |volume=35 |issue=3–4 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1111/1467-9256.12097 |url=https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_10134/objava_20166/fajlovi/Russia%20Today.pdf |via=[[University of Montenegro]] |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] |s2cid=142728966 |quote=Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in ''RT''{{'}}s broadcasts, two types are of particular interest: the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories; and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia. The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Elswah |first1=Mona |last2=Howard |first2=Philip N |author-link2=Philip N. Howard |title="Anything that Causes Chaos": The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT) |journal=[[Journal of Communication]] |date=1 October 2020 |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=623–645 |doi=10.1093/joc/jqaa027 |doi-access=free |url=https://academic.oup.com/joc/article/70/5/623/5912109 |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |quote=Across our interviews, our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows. First, to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia. Second, to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them. This is clearly adherent to the channel's "Questions More" slogan. Third, to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel, because it suggests that the channel is important, an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government.}}</ref><ref name="Byford 2011">{{cite book |last1=Byford |first1=Jovan |author-link=Jovan Byford |chapter=Introduction |title=Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction |date=2011 |pages=9–10 |doi=10.1057/9780230349216 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230349216_1 |chapter-url-access=subscription |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Conspiracy_Theories/e0ilsF4VcTQC |url-access=limited |access-date=21 March 2021 |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan UK]] |isbn=978-1-349-32350-0 |via=[[Google Books]] |language=en |quote=The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones, Webster Tarpley, David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote, to an international audience, their ideas about the New World Order, 9/11, the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy, all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel's journalists. Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists, where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition.}}</ref><ref name=Dukalskis-dictatorship>{{Cite book|last=Dukalskis|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxs4zgEACAAJ|title=Making the World Safe for Dictatorship|date=2021|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-752014-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gray|first=Rosie|date=13 March 2014|title=How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/rosiegray/how-the-truth-is-made-at-russia-today|access-date=11 March 2021|website=[[BuzzFeed News]]|language=en}}</ref>}}
⚫
== รายการในช่อง รัสเซีย ทูเดย์ ==


อาร์ทีถูกแบนใน[[ประเทศยูเครน]]ใน ค.ศ. 2014 หลัง[[การผนวกไครเมียโดยสหพันธรัฐรัสเซีย|การผนวกไครเมียโดยรัสเซีย]]<ref name="Ukraine ban">{{Cite news|last1=Zinets|first1=Natalia|last2=Prentice|first2=Alessandra|others=Robin Pomeroy (ed.)|date=19 August 2014|title=Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda'|work=[[Reuters]]|editor-last=Balmforth|editor-first=Richard|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-television-idUSKBN0GJ1QM20140819|access-date=12 December 2020}}</ref> [[ลัตเวีย]]และ[[ลิทัวเนีย]]ดำเนินการแบนด้วยเหตุผลคล้ายกันใน ค.ศ. 2020<ref name="Latvia ban">{{cite news |last=Anstrate |first=Vita |date=30 June 2020 |title=Kremlin propaganda channel "RT" banned in Latvia |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia]] |url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/politics/kremlin-propaganda-channel-rt-banned-in-latvia.a365523/ |access-date=30 June 2020}}</ref><ref name="Lithuania ban">{{Cite web|date=8 July 2020|title=Radijo ir televizijos komisija uždraudė Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas|url=https://www.lrt.lt/naujienos/lietuvoje/2/1195699/radijo-ir-televizijos-komisija-uzdraude-lietuvoje-retransliuoti-rt-programas|access-date=8 July 2020|website=lrt.lt|language=lt}}</ref> [[ประเทศเยอรมนี]]แบน[[RT DE]] ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 2022<ref>{{cite web |title=Russia's RT channel blocked by German regulators |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russias-rt-channel-blocked-by-german-regulators/a-60635397 |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |access-date=23 February 2022 |date=2 February 2022}}</ref> หลัง[[การรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย พ.ศ. 2565|การรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 2022]] [[โปแลนด์]]และภายหลังทั้ง[[สหภาพยุโรป]]กับ[[แคนาดา]]ประกาศแบนช่องอาร์ทีอย่างเป็นทางการ ในขณะที่ผู้ให้บริการอิสระมากกว่า 10 ประเทศหยุดถ่ายทอดสดช่องนี้<ref name=CRTC> https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/crtc-russia-today-broadcasting-decision-1.6386929 {{Bare URL inline|date=July 2022}}</ref><ref name="Chmielewski 2022">{{cite web |last1=Chmielewski |first1=Dawn |title=Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe – source |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/roku-is-removing-rt-roku-channel-store-europe-source-2022-03-01/ |website=[[Reuters]] |access-date=1 March 2022 |language=en |date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=Russian-backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2022/mar/01/russian-backed-rt-channel-to-lose-sky-tv-slot-in-uk-within-24-hours |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> เว็บไซต์สื่อสังคมพากันบล็อกลิงก์เชื่อมโยงไปยังเว็บไซต์ของอาร์ทีและจำกัดการเข้าถึงเนื้อหาของอาร์ที<ref name="Reuters20220301">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/youtube-block-channels-linked-russias-rt-sputnik-across-europe-2022-03-01/|title=YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe|work=Reuters|date=1 March 2022|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dwoskin |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Zakrzewski |first2=Cat |last3=De Vynck |first3=Gerrit |title=Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/03/01/youtube-tiktok-facebook-state-media-ban/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=1 March 2022 |date=1 March 2022}}</ref> [[ไมโครซอฟท์]]ถอดอาร์ทีออกจาก[[ไมโครซอฟท์สโตร์|แอปสโตร์ของตน]]และละระดับผลการค้นหาใน [[Microsoft Bing|Bing]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Jared |date=2022-03-01 |title=Here's which tech companies have—and haven't—banned Russia's state-sponsored RT media app |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90726527/tech-companies-banned-rt-news-app-russia-microsoft-google |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=Fast Company |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-02-28 |title=Microsoft to remove RT apps, ban Russian state-owned media ads |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/microsoft-remove-rt-apps-ban-russian-state-owned-media-ads-2022-02-28/ |access-date=2022-03-01}}</ref> ส่วน[[Apple Inc.|แอปเปิล]]ถอดแอปอาร์ทีออกจากทุกประเทศ ยกเว้นประเทศรัสเซีย<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emerson |first=Sarah |title=Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/sarahemerson/apple-responds-ukraine-russia-rt-sputnik-maps |access-date=2022-03-01 |website=BuzzFeed News |language=en}}</ref>
* News
* Headline News
* Weather
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* Spotlight
* Russia Close-Up
* XL Report
* In Context
* Technology Update
* Wayfarer
* Russia Close-up
* Moscow OUT
* Cross Talk
* RT Interview with Sophie Shevardnadze
* The Alyona ShOw
* KEISER Report
* Venice of the North
* Russia's Golden Ring A tour in time
* The Big Picture with Thom Haetmann
* IMHO


== ดูเพิ่ม ==
== อ้างอิง ==
=== หมายเหตุ ===
{{notelist}}


=== อ้างอิง ===
* [[ฟร้องซ์ เว็งแก็ต]]
{{Reflist}}
* [[บีบีซี เวิลด์นิวส์]]
* [[ซีเอ็นเอ็น]]


== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
{{Commons category|Russia Today}}
* {{official website|http://www.rt.com/}}
* {{official website|https://www.rt.com/}} {{in lang|en|de|fr|es|ar|ru}}
* {{YouTube|RT|user=RussiaToday}}


{{ช่องรายการทางทรูวิชั่นส์}}
{{ช่องรายการทางทรูวิชั่นส์}}
{{Authority control}}


[[หมวดหมู่:ทรูวิชั่นส์]]
[[หมวดหมู่:ทรูวิชั่นส์]]

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 19:17, 16 ตุลาคม 2565

อาร์ที
รูปแบบสื่อของรัฐ,[1]
ช่องข่าว,
โฆษณาชวนเชื่อ[2]
ประเทศรัสเซีย
พื้นที่แพร่ภาพทั่วโลก
สำนักงานใหญ่มอสโก
แบบรายการ
ภาษาช่องข่าว:
อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, อาหรับ และสเปน
ช่องสารคดี:
อังกฤษ, ฝรั่งเศส, รัสเซีย
แพลตฟอร์มออนไลน์:
เยอรมัน[3]
ระบบภาพ1080i (HDTV)
(ลดสเกลไปเป็น 16:9 480i/576i สำหรับฟีดแบบ SDTV)
ความเป็นเจ้าของ
เจ้าของANO "TV-Novosti"[4]
ช่องรอง
ประวัติ
เริ่มออกอากาศ10 ธันวาคม 2005; 18 ปีก่อน (2005-12-10) (ลงทะเบียนวันที่ 6 เมษายน ค.ศ. 2005)[8]
ชื่อเดิมรัสเซีย ทูเดย์ (2005–2009)
ลิงก์
เว็บไซต์www.rt.com
โลโกแรกของอาร์ทีใน ค.ศ. 2005 ถึง 2009

อาร์ที (อังกฤษ: RT; อดีตมีชื่อว่า รัสเซีย ทูเดย์ (Russia Today หรือ รอสซียา เซกอดนียา (รัสเซีย: Россия Сегодня))[9] เป็นเครือข่ายโทรทัศน์ข่าวต่างประเทศของรัสเซียที่ควบคุมโดยรัฐ[1] ซึ่งได้รับทุนจากรัฐบาลรัสเซีย[16][17] โดยให้บริการโทรทัศน์จ่ายค่ารับชมและช่องฟรีทูแอร์แก่ผู้ชมนอกประเทศรัสเซีย และให้บริการเนื้อหาอินเทอร์เน็ตในภาษารัสเซีย อังกฤษ สเปน ฝรั่งเศส เยอรมัน และอาหรับ

อาร์ทีเป็นแบรนด์ของ TV-Novosti องค์กรอิสระไม่แสวงหาผลกำไรที่ก่อตั้งโดยรีอะโนวัสติ สำนักข่าวของรัฐรัสเซีย ในเดือนเมษายน ค.ศ. 2005[8][18] ในช่วงวิกฤติเศรษฐกิจในเดือนธันวาคม ค.ศ. 2008 รัฐบาลรัสเซียที่นำโดยนายกรัฐมนตรี วลาดีมีร์ ปูติน รวม ANO "TV-Novosti" เข้ากีบรายการองค์กรหลักที่มีความสำคัญเชิงกลยุทธ์ต่อรัสเซีย[19][20][21] อาร์ทีเป็นบริษัทแม่ของ Ruptly[5] ซึ่งถือครองช่องวิดีโอ Redfish และบริษัทสื่อดิจิทัล Maffick.[6][7]

อาร์ทีได้รับการกล่าวถึงเป็นประจำว่าเป็นช่องทางโฆษณาชวนเชื่อหลักของรัฐบาลรัสเซียและนโยบายการต่างประเทศ[2] นักวิชาการ, ผู้ตรวจสอบข้อเท็จจริง และผู้ประกาศข่าว (รวมผู้ประกาศของของอาร์ทีทั้งในอดีตและปัจจุบัน) ระบุถึงอาร์ทีเป็นผู้จัดส่งข้อมูลบิดเบือน[52] และทฤษฎีสมคบคิด[59]

อาร์ทีถูกแบนในประเทศยูเครนใน ค.ศ. 2014 หลังการผนวกไครเมียโดยรัสเซีย[60] ลัตเวียและลิทัวเนียดำเนินการแบนด้วยเหตุผลคล้ายกันใน ค.ศ. 2020[61][62] ประเทศเยอรมนีแบนRT DE ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ ค.ศ. 2022[63] หลังการรุกรานยูเครนโดยรัสเซีย ค.ศ. 2022 โปแลนด์และภายหลังทั้งสหภาพยุโรปกับแคนาดาประกาศแบนช่องอาร์ทีอย่างเป็นทางการ ในขณะที่ผู้ให้บริการอิสระมากกว่า 10 ประเทศหยุดถ่ายทอดสดช่องนี้[64][65][66] เว็บไซต์สื่อสังคมพากันบล็อกลิงก์เชื่อมโยงไปยังเว็บไซต์ของอาร์ทีและจำกัดการเข้าถึงเนื้อหาของอาร์ที[67][68] ไมโครซอฟท์ถอดอาร์ทีออกจากแอปสโตร์ของตนและละระดับผลการค้นหาใน Bing[69][70] ส่วนแอปเปิลถอดแอปอาร์ทีออกจากทุกประเทศ ยกเว้นประเทศรัสเซีย[71]

อ้างอิง

หมายเหตุ

อ้างอิง

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 [10]: 2070 [11][12]: 4 [13]: 2 [14][15]: Implications 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
  3. ↑ "About RT (formerly corporate profile)". RT International (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 April 2017.
  4. ↑ "Contact info". RT International (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 April 2017.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Moore, Matthew (10 February 2018). "Company behind Grenfell YouTube film has links to Kremlin". The Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 January 2021.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 O'Sullivan, Donie; Griffin, Drew; Devine, Curt; Shubert, Atika (February 18, 2019). "Russia is backing a viral video company aimed at American millennials". CNN. สืบค้นเมื่อ July 30, 2020.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 File:ANO TV-Novosti (Federal Tax Service of Russia, Unified State Register of Legal Entities).pdf
  9. ↑ Pisnia, Natalka (2017-11-15). "Why has RT registered as a foreign agent with the US?". BBC News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Washington. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-02.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Haigh, Maria; Haigh, Thomas; Kozak, Nadine I. (26 October 2018). "Stopping Fake News". Journalism Studies. Routledge. 19 (14): 2062–2087. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2017.1316681. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 152142122. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022 – โดยทาง Taylor & Francis.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Golovchenko, Yevgeniy; Hartmann, Mareike; Adler-Nissen, Rebecca (1 September 2018). "State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: citizen curators of digital disinformation". International Affairs. Oxford University Press. 94 (5): 975–994. doi:10.1093/ia/iiy148. ISSN 0020-5850. สืบค้นเมื่อ 20 March 2021. Particularly in the wake of the crisis in Ukraine that erupted in 2013–2014, the Kremlin has been accused of orchestrating disinformation campaigns against the Ukrainian government and western countries by using online trolls and state-controlled online outlets such as RT (formerly known as Russia Today), Sputnik and Life News.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Hellman, Maria; Wagnsson, Charlotte (3 April 2017). "How can European states respond to Russian information warfare? An analytical framework" (PDF). European Security. Taylor & Francis. 26 (2): 153–170. doi:10.1080/09662839.2017.1294162. S2CID 157635419. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 23 Apr 2021. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 Sep 2022 – โดยทาง Charles University.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Al-Rawi, Ahmed (12 February 2021). "How did Russian and Iranian trolls' disinformation toward Canadian issues diverge and converge?". Digital War (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Palgrave Macmillan. 2 (1–3): 21–34. doi:10.1057/s42984-020-00029-4. ISSN 2662-1983.
  14. ↑ Denton, Allison (16 April 2019). "Fake News: The Legality of the Russian 2016 Facebook Influence Campaign" (PDF). Boston University International Law Journal. Boston University School of Law. 37: 209. Additionally, the U.S. is not the only country that has been targeted by Russian influence campaigns. Russia has been accused of conducting another influence campaign prior to the 2017 French election between Marine Le Pen (Russia's pick) and Emmanuel Macron. Before the election, Kremlin-controlled news sources Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik reported that Macron was secretly gay, and that he was backed by a “very rich gay lobby.”
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Nassetta, Jack; Gross, Kimberly (30 October 2020). "State media warning labels can counteract the effects of foreign misinformation". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. Harvard University: Harvard Kennedy School. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-45. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. However, when it comes to disinformation from state-controlled media sources platforms’ options are more limited. Most often channels like Russia's RT and Iran's PressTV do not technically violate a platform's terms of service and so cannot be removed. However, they still play a vital role in the disinformation ecosystem. Not only do they put out disinformation through their websites and social media channels, they are key nodes in coordinated campaigns, as well. For instance, the content originally posted on RT will be reposted down a chain of websites until it appears to be an organic article on an American outlet (Nimmo, 2017).
  16. ↑ Fisher, Max (13 June 2013). "In case you weren't clear on Russia Today's relationship to Moscow, Putin clears it up". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 31 July 2016.
  17. ↑ Nimmo, Ben (8 January 2018). "Question That: RT's Military Mission". Atlantic Council-Digital Forensic Research Lab. medium.com. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 March 2018.
  18. ↑ "Журнал Стандарт / №09(80) сентябрь 2009Вести с эфирного фронта | ComNews". www.comnews.ru. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-05-15.
  19. ↑ "Archive of the official site of the 2008–2012 Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin". Government of Russia.
  20. ↑ Перечень системообразующих организаций, утвержденный Правительственной комиссией по повышению устойчивости развития российской экономики [List of systemically important institutions approved by the Government Commission on Sustainable Development of the Russian Economy] (ภาษารัสเซีย). government.ru. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (DOC)เมื่อ 27 December 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ 18 March 2015.
  21. ↑ Правительство РФ приняло перечень системообразующих организаций [The Russian government has adopted a list of backbone organizations]. RBK Group (ภาษารัสเซีย). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 20 December 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 24 October 2014.
  22. ↑ Sloss, David L. (12 April 2022). Tyrants on Twitter: Protecting Democracies from Information Warfare (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3115-1. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022 – โดยทาง Google Books. Ruptly, a subsidiary of RT that specializes in video, has 230,000 likes on Facebook, 52,000 Twitter followers, and 304,000 YouTube subscribers in the UK.
  23. ↑ Chobanyan, Karina (2020). Vartanova, Elena; Gladkova, Anna (บ.ก.). "Up for a challenge? Digital practices of 24-hour news channels" (PDF). World of Media. Moscow State University (3): 50. ISSN 2686-8016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022. RT, which owns Ruptly news agency, likes to post its raw footage of world events.
  24. ↑ Cohen, Howard (May 2018). "Tech Tock...: Time is Running Out to Find Solutions to Mis- and Disinformation and Privacy Problems". Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Harvard University: Harvard Kennedy School: 17–18. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022. Ruptly is a news agency created by Russian funded news channel RT in 2013 to rival Reuters and AP. [...] Finally, it is very transparent about following the same agenda as RT: "Ruptly builds on and extends the core strengths and values of our parent company RT."
  25. ↑ "Russia Uses State Television to Sway Opinion at Home and Abroad". Der Spiegel. 30 May 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2021. Moscow is looking beyond the short-term, seeking to influence opinion in the long-run to create "an alternative discourse in Western countries as well," says Margarita Simonyan, editor in chief of Kremlin foreign broadcaster RT, formerly known as Russia Today, which owns Ruptly.
  26. ↑ "В Минске задержаны двое стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly" [Two stringers of video agency Ruptly detained in Minsk]. Interfax (ภาษารัสเซีย). 9 August 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 22 March 2021. Двух стрингеров видеоагентства Ruptly задержали в Минске, сообщил владелец сервиса, телеканал RT. [Two stringers of the Ruptly video agency were detained in Minsk, the owner of the service, RT TV channel, said.]
  27. ↑ Zara, Christopher (11 April 2019). "What is Ruptly? Julian Assange arrest video footage raises eyebrows about RT-owned outlet". Fast Company. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 July 2021.
  28. ↑ "RT's video agency Ruptly beats UK media to Julian Assange footage". Press Gazette (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). 11 April 2019. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 October 2020. The footage captured by Ruptly showed Assange for the first time in about a year, now sporting a long white beard. He could be heard shouting "the UK has no sovereignty" and "the UK must resist this attempt by the Trump administration…" as he was dragged out by five police officers and put into a van.
  29. ↑ Aro, Jessikka (6 March 2021). "Emilia Seikkanen Worked in a Trendy Video Start-Up in Berlin – Tells All about the Kremlin's Global Information Operation". Yle (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 March 2022. The company left out the essential information in its job vacancy advertisements: Ruptly is the subsidiary of the Russian state-funded media company RT, formerly Russia Today. It's located in the same office as RT's German media branch, named RT Deutsch.
  30. ↑ Harris, Shane; Nakashima, Ellen (21 August 2020). "With a mix of covert disinformation and blatant propaganda, foreign adversaries bear down on final phase of presidential campaign". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022.
  31. ↑ Birnbaum, Emily (25 February 2019). "Facebook restores previously suspended Russia-linked pages". The Hill (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 3 March 2022.
  32. ↑ Langdon, Kate C.; Tismaneanu, Vladimir (9 July 2019). "Russian Foreign Policy: Freedom for Whom, to Do What?". Putin's Totalitarian Democracy: Ideology, Myth, and Violence in the Twenty-First Century (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Springer International. pp. 189–224. ISBN 978-3-030-20579-9. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง Google Books. Soviet-born British journalist Peter Pomerantsev documented the typical newsroom antics in one of Russia's largest propaganda outlets, RT News (formerly known as Russia Today). When his acquaintance composed a piece that referenced the Soviet Union's occupation of Estonia in 1945, the writer was chewed out by his boss, who maintained the belief that Russians saved Estonia. Any other descriptions of the events of 1945 were unacceptable assaults on Russia's integrity, apparently, so the boss demanded that he amend his text.
  33. ↑ Reire, Gunda (2015). "Euro-Atlantic values and Russia's propaganda in the Euro-Atlantic space" (PDF). Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. 13 (4). สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง Center for International Studies. Nowadays, Russia attacks the Western value of rationality and uses the argument of "the second opinion" or plurality of opinions. The phrase "the second opinion" has even become the slogan of RT. For instance, this propaganda channel used the public opinion's contention as to the nature of the Iraq war, to sell itself as an impartial, objective media outlet in the USA. Overall, Russian propaganda involves a clash of political systems, which is more dangerous than the old-school Soviet propaganda.
  34. ↑ Benkler, Yochai; Faris, Rob; Roberts, Hal (October 2018). "Epistemic Crisis". Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation and Radicalization in American Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 358. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190923624.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-092362-4. OCLC 1045162158. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. The emphasis on disorientation appears in the literature on modern Russian propaganda, both in inward-focused applications and in its international propaganda outlets, Sputnik and RT (formerly, Russia Today). Here, the purpose is not to convince the audience of any particular truth but instead to make it impossible for people in the society subject to the propagandist's intervention to tell truth from non-truth.
  35. ↑ Karlsen, Geir Hågen (5 August 2016). "Tools of Russian Influence: Information and Propaganda". ใน Matláry, Janne Haaland; Heier, Tormod (บ.ก.). Ukraine and Beyond: Russia's Strategic Security Challenge to Europe (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 199. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32530-9_9. ISBN 978-3-319-32530-9. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 February 2022 – โดยทาง Google Books. The propaganda apparatus proper consists of four means: media, social media, political communication and diplomacy, and covert active measures, all tied together in a coordinated manner. The main international media channel is the RT broadcaster and website, formerly known as Russia Today. It is complemented by Sputnik radio and website, news and video agencies, and the Russia Beyond the Headlines news supplement, making up a news conglomerate operating in almost 40 languages.
  36. ↑ Ižak, Štefan (January 2019). "(Ab)using the topic of migration by pro-Kremlin propaganda: Case study of Slovakia" (PDF). Journal of Comparative Politics (ภาษาอังกฤษ). University of Economics in Bratislava / University of Ljubljana / Alma Mater Europaea. 12 (1): 58. ISSN 1338-1385. สืบค้นเมื่อ 28 February 2022. Almost all important media in Russia are state controlled and used to feed Russian audience with Kremlin propaganda. For international propaganda Kremlin uses agencies like RT and Sputnik. Both are available in many language variations and in many countries (Hansen 2017). Aim of this propaganda is to exploit weak spots and controversial topics (in our case migration to the EU) and use them to harm integrity of the West (Pomerantsev and Weiss 2014).
  37. ↑ Oates, Sarah; Steiner, Sean (17 December 2018). "Projecting Power: Understanding Russian Strategic Narrative". Russia's Public Foreign Policy Narratives (PDF). Russian Analytical Digest. 229. Vol. 17. University of Bremen: Research Centre for East European Studies. pp. 2–5. doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000311091. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง ETH Zurich. The analysis of Russian strategic narrative allows us to understand more clearly the logic in Russian propaganda found on English-language outlets such as RT and more effectively deter Russian information aggression.
  38. ↑ Ajir, Media; Vailliant, Bethany (Fall 2018). "Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory". Strategic Studies Quarterly. 12 (3): 70–89. ISSN 1936-1815. JSTOR 26481910. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. The real-world repercussions of these objectives are identified through several forms of attack. The first is through disseminating official Russian state propaganda abroad via foreign language news channels as well as Western media. Most notable is the creation of the very successful government-financed international TV news channel, Russia Today (RT).
  39. ↑ Bicknell, Bob (11 December 2005). "Russian News, English Accent". CBS News (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  40. ↑ Kramer, Andrew E (22 August 2010). "Russian Cable Station Plays to U.S." The New York Times.
  41. ↑ "Ukraine hits back at Russian TV onslaught". BBC. 2014.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016). "A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories". The New York Times. สืบค้นเมื่อ 29 August 2016.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Oremus, Will (2017-03-16). "Irony Dies Again as Russia Today Launches Fake-News Debunker". Slate (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-12-17.
  44. ↑ Golovchenko, Yevgeniy (11 December 2020). "Measuring the scope of pro-Kremlin disinformation on Twitter". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Springer Nature. 7 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1057/s41599-020-00659-9. ISSN 2662-9992. The impact of Russian state-controlled news outlets—which are frequent sources of pro-Kremlin disinformation—is concentrated in one, highly popular news outlet, RT. [...] When it comes to overt reach, the Russian government openly funds English-speaking outlets, such as Sputnik News and RT. These outlets serve as a frequent source of pro-Kremlin disinformation both according to scholars, fact-checkers and Western authorities (BBC, 2019; Elliot, 2019; Thornton, 2015).
  45. ↑ Walker, Christopher (2016). "The Hijacking of "Soft Power"" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. Johns Hopkins University Press. 27 (1): 49–63. doi:10.1353/jod.2016.0007. S2CID 31802016. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง National Endowment for Democracy. State or state-friendly media in Russia – Life News, NTV, Channel One Russia, and Russia 24—disseminate not just the Kremlin's narratives but also outright fakery to domestic audiences and those in the Russian-speaking space. These outlets spread the same stories via social media as well. RT, meanwhile, pushes this manipulated content out to international audiences.
  46. ↑ Fletcher, Richard; Cornia, Alessio; Graves, Lucas; Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis (1 January 2018). "Measuring the reach of "fake news" and online disinformation in Europe" (PDF). Australasian Policing. 10 (2). สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 February 2022 – โดยทาง Mediterraneo Cronaca. For comparative purposes, we also included two prominent Russian news sites which have featured in European policy discussions around disinformation, namely Russia Today (RT) and Sputnik. These Russian state-backed organisations are clearly different from sites that engage in for-profit fabrication of false news, but both independent fact-checkers and the EU's European External Action Service East Stratcom Task Force have identified multiple instances where these sites have published disinformation.
  47. ↑ Borges, Priscila Monteiro; Gambarato, Renira Rampazzo (29 January 2019). "The Role of Beliefs and Behavior on Facebook: A Semiotic Approach to Algorithms, Fake News, and Transmedia Journalism". International Journal of Communication (ภาษาอังกฤษ). USC Annenberg Press. 13: 603–618. ISSN 1932-8036. สืบค้นเมื่อ 26 February 2022. Notorious examples of fake news masquerading as news can be found in reports broadcast on the U.S. cable news channel Fox News (Schram & Fording, 2018) and the Russian international television network RT (Russia Today; Dowling, 2017). Thus, there are also a number of fake news reports published by traditional media outlets (White, 2017), generating a consequent increase in distrust for traditional journalism (Siddique, 2018).
  48. ↑ LoGiurato, Brett (30 April 2014). "Russia's Propaganda Channel Just Got A Journalism Lesson From The US State Department". Business Insider. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  49. ↑ Crowley, Michael (1 May 2014). "Tit-for-Tat: Putin's Maddening Propaganda Trick". Time. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  50. ↑ Plunkett, John (18 July 2014). "Russia Today reporter resigns in protest at MH17 coverage". The Guardian. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  51. ↑ Brian Stelter (24 March 2014). "Putin TV in Chaos". CNN.
  52. ↑ [10]: 2077 [11][12]: 4 [13]: 11 [15][42][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51]
  53. ↑ "Airwaves wobbly". The Economist. 6 July 2010.
  54. ↑ Yablokov, Ilya (November 2015). "Conspiracy Theories as a Russian Public Diplomacy Tool: The Case of Russia Today (RT)" (PDF). Politics. SAGE. 35 (3–4): 301–315. doi:10.1111/1467-9256.12097. S2CID 142728966. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง University of Montenegro. Among the conspiratorial ideas that feature in RT's broadcasts, two types are of particular interest: the first includes genuinely American conspiracy theories; and the second includes ideas of conspiracy in relations between the US and Russia. The analysis of these two types of conspiracy theories offers an opportunity to explore how they are employed to undermine US domestic and foreign policies.
  55. ↑ Elswah, Mona; Howard, Philip N (1 October 2020). ""Anything that Causes Chaos": The Organizational Behavior of Russia Today (RT)". Journal of Communication. Oxford University Press. 70 (5): 623–645. doi:10.1093/joc/jqaa027. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021. Across our interviews, our respondents agreed that the goals of the channel since 2008 have been and still are as follows. First, to push the idea that Western countries have as many problems as Russia. Second, to encourage conspiracy theories about media institutions in the West in order to discredit and delegitimize them. This is clearly adherent to the channel's "Questions More" slogan. Third, to create controversy and to make people criticize the channel, because it suggests that the channel is important, an approach that would particularly help RT managers get more funding from the government.
  56. ↑ Byford, Jovan (2011). "Introduction". Conspiracy Theories: A Critical Introduction (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 9–10. doi:10.1057/9780230349216. ISBN 978-1-349-32350-0. สืบค้นเมื่อ 21 March 2021 – โดยทาง Google Books. The channel has provided the likes of Alex Jones, Webster Tarpley, David Ray Griffin and Jim Marrs with the opportunity to promote, to an international audience, their ideas about the New World Order, 9/11, the Bilderberg group or the climate change conspiracy, all while being treated with absolute deference by the channel's journalists. Embedded video clips of appearances on Russia Today have become a regular feature on the websites of American conspiracy theorists, where they are brandished as a sign of credibility and mainstream recognition.
  57. ↑ Dukalskis, Alexander (2021). Making the World Safe for Dictatorship (ภาษาอังกฤษ). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-752014-7.
  58. ↑ Gray, Rosie (13 March 2014). "How The Truth Is Made At Russia Today". BuzzFeed News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 March 2021.
  59. ↑ [53][43][54][55][56][57][58]
  60. ↑ Zinets, Natalia; Prentice, Alessandra (19 August 2014). Balmforth, Richard (บ.ก.). "Ukraine bans Russian TV channels for airing war 'propaganda'". Reuters. Robin Pomeroy (ed.). สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 December 2020.
  61. ↑ Anstrate, Vita (30 June 2020). "Kremlin propaganda channel "RT" banned in Latvia". Public Broadcasting of Latvia. สืบค้นเมื่อ 30 June 2020.
  62. ↑ "Radijo ir televizijos komisija uždraudė Lietuvoje retransliuoti RT programas". lrt.lt (ภาษาลิทัวเนีย). 8 July 2020. สืบค้นเมื่อ 8 July 2020.
  63. ↑ "Russia's RT channel blocked by German regulators". Deutsche Welle. 2 February 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 February 2022.
  64. ↑ https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/crtc-russia-today-broadcasting-decision-1.6386929 [URL เปล่า]
  65. ↑ Chmielewski, Dawn (1 March 2022). "Roku is removing RT from the Roku Channel Store in Europe – source". Reuters (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  66. ↑ "Russian-backed RT channel to lose Sky TV slot in UK within 24 hours". the Guardian (ภาษาอังกฤษ). 2022-03-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  67. ↑ "YouTube to block channels linked to Russia's RT and Sputnik across Europe". Reuters. 1 March 2022. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  68. ↑ Dwoskin, Elizabeth; Zakrzewski, Cat; De Vynck, Gerrit (1 March 2022). "Major social media platforms ban Russian state media in Europe". The Washington Post. สืบค้นเมื่อ 1 March 2022.
  69. ↑ Newman, Jared (2022-03-01). "Here's which tech companies have—and haven't—banned Russia's state-sponsored RT media app". Fast Company (ภาษาอังกฤษแบบอเมริกัน). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  70. ↑ Reuters (2022-02-28). "Microsoft to remove RT apps, ban Russian state-owned media ads". Reuters (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.
  71. ↑ Emerson, Sarah. "Apple Halted Product Sales In Russia And Disabled Apple Maps Features In Ukraine". BuzzFeed News (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2022-03-01.

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