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ชาวซิท (อังกฤษ: Scyths) หรือ ชาวซิเทีย (อังกฤษ: Scythians)^{[note 1]} เป็นคนเร่ร่อนในอดีต ปกครองอยู่บริเวณที่ราบกว้างพอนทิก ราว 700 ถึง 300 ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช มีวัฒนธรรมที่รู้จักในชื่อ วัฒนธรรมซิท วัฒนธรรมนี้แผ่ไปถึงที่ราบกว้างยูเรเซีย ที่รวมถึงกลุ่มต่าง ๆ มากมาย เพราะเหตุนี้เอง แนวคิดที่เรียกชนเร่เร่อนยูเรเซียจึงหมายถึง ชาวซิทในบางครั้ง

เชื่อว่าชาวซิทมีต้นกำเนิดจากกลุ่มชนอิหร่าน^[1] พวกเขาพูดภาษาซิท หนึ่งในแขนงของภาษากลุ่มอิหร่านตะวันออก^[2]

ในช่วง 700 ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ชาวซิทข้ามเทือกเขาคอเคซัสและปล้นพวกตะวันออกกลางอยู่บ่อยครั้ง ร่วมกับชาวซิมเมเรีย โดยมีบทบาทสำคัญทางการเมืองในภูมิภาคนั้น ราว 650–630 ปีกก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ชาวซิทได้เข้าปกครองชาวเมเดียในช่วงสั้น ๆ บริเวณตะวันตกของที่ราบอิหร่านตะวันตก^[3]^[4] ได้แผ่ขยายอำนาจไปถึงชายแดนอียิปต์ ชาวซิทเข้ามาก้าวก่ายในเหตุการณ์ในตะวันออกกลาง โดยเป็นผู้นำในการทำลายจักรวรรดิอัสซีเรียที่เมืองนิเนเวห์ เมื่อ 662 ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ชาวซิทได้ปะทะกับจักรวรรดิอะคีเมนิดอยู่บ่อยครั้งในเวลาต่อมา ชาวซิทพ่ายแพ้ให้กับราชอาณาจักรมาเกโดนีอาเมื่อ 400 ปีก่อนคริสต์ศักราช ค่อย ๆ พ่ายให้ชาวซาร์มาเทีย ชาวอิหร่านที่อาศัยอยู่ทางตะวันออก^[5] ในปลายศตวรรษที่ 2 ก่อนคริสตกาล เมืองหลวงชองชาวซิทที่ชื่อ ซิเทียนนีอาโพลิส (Scythian Neapolis) ในไครเมีย ถูกครอบครองโดยมิทริเดทีสที่ 6 ดินแดนถูกรวมเข้ากับราชอาณาจักรบอสโพรัน ในช่วงเวลานี้ถูกกลืนเข้ากับวัฒนธรรมกรีกโบราณ และศตวรรษที่ 3 ชาวซาร์มาเทียและชาวซิทที่หลงเหลือถูกปกครองโดยชาวอลันและชาวกอท ต่อมาต้นยุคกลาง ชาวซิทและซาร์มาเทียได้ถูกกลืนเข้ากับพวกสลาฟยุคแรก^[6]^[7]

ชื่อ

ศัพทมูล

ชื่อ Scythians หรือ Scyths ในภาษาอังกฤษมาจากชื่อในภาษากรีกโบราณว่า Skuthēs (Σκυθης) และ Skuthoi (Σκυθοι) มาจากชื่อเรียกตนเองของชาวซิทว่า Skuδatā^[8]^[9] เนื่องจากกการเปลี่ยนเสียงจาก /δ/ ไปเป็น /l/ ในภาษาไซเทีย ทำให้คำนี้พัฒนาไปเป็น *Skulatā^[9] ชื่อนี้ได้รับการบันทึดในภาษากรีกเป็น Skōlotoi (Σκωλοτοι) ซึ่งเฮโรโดตุสระบุเป็นชื่อที่เผ่าซิทหลวงเรียกตนเอง^[8]

ชาวอัสซีเรียเรียกชาวซิทว่า Ishkuzai (แอกแคด: , ทับศัพท์: Iškuzaya^[10]^[11] หรือ Askuzai (แอกแคด: , ทับศัพท์: Asguzaya, , ทับศัพท์: mat Askuzaya, , ทับศัพท์: mat Ášguzaya)^[10]^[12]

ชาวเปอร์เซียโบราณเรียกชาวซิทในภาษาเปอร์เซียเก่าว่า "ซากาที่อยู่ไกลกว่าทะเล" (𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹, ทับศัพท์: Sakā tayaiy paradraya) และเรียนสั้น ๆ ว่า Sakā (𓋴𓎝𓎡 𓈉, ทับศัพท์: sk; 𓐠𓎼 𓈉, ทับศัพท์: sꜣg) ในภาษาอียิปต์โบราณ คำนี้มาจากชื่อกรีก-โรมันว่า Sacae (กรีกโบราณ: Σακαι, อักษรโรมัน: Sakai; ละติน: Sacae).^[13]^[14]

หมายเหตุ

↑ ดูส่วนชื่อข้างล่าง

อ้างอิง

↑
- Ivantchik 2018 "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin..."
- Harmatta 1996, p. 181 "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples."
- Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi"..."
- West 2002, pp. 437–440 "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony... apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock..."
- Rolle 1989, p. 56 "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples."
- Rostovtzeff 1922, p. 13 "The Scythian kingdom... was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves."
- Minns 2011, p. 36 "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."
↑
- Dandamayev 1994, p. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
- Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, p. 91 "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science..."
- Melyukova 1990, pp. 97–98 "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes - the Scythians and Sarmatians..."
- Melyukova (1990, pp. 117) "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group..."
- Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians..."
- Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37 "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest-steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C... They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language..."
↑ Young, T. Cuyler. "Ancient Iran: The kingdom of the Medes". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. {{cite web}}: |ref=harv ไม่ถูกต้อง (help); Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า s: |editors=, |subscription= และ |registration= (help)
↑ Beckwith 2009, p. 49
↑ "Sarmatian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. {{cite web}}: |ref=harv ไม่ถูกต้อง (help); Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า s: |editors=, |subscription= และ |registration= (help)
↑ Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002, p. 39 "Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations."
↑ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 523 "In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations."
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Ivantchik 2018.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013). Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages. Charles University. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 August 2022.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Parpola, Simo (1970). Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. p. 178.
↑ "Iškuzaya [SCYTHIAN] (EN)". oracc.museum.upenn.edu.
↑ "Asguzayu [SCYTHIAN] (EN)". oracc.museum.upenn.edu.
↑ Although ancient Persians and ancient Greeks respectively used the names "Saka" and "Scythian" for all the steppe nomads, the name "Scythian" is used specifically for the ancient nomads of the western steppe while "Saka" is used for a related group of nomads living in the eastern steppe.
↑
- Dandamayev 1994, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."
- Cernenko 2012, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."
- Melykova 1990, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."
- Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"
- Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."
- Sulimirski & Taylor 1991, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."
- West 2002, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"
- Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"
- Di Cosmo 1999, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."
- Rice, Tamara Talbot. "Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. [Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

ชาวซิท ที่ Encyclopædia Iranica

[1] ดูส่วนชื่อข้างล่าง

[Iranian_Origin-2] 
Ivantchik 2018 "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin..."

Harmatta 1996, p. 181 "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples."

Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi"..."

West 2002, pp. 437–440 "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony... apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock..."

Rolle 1989, p. 56 "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples."

Rostovtzeff 1922, p. 13 "The Scythian kingdom... was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves."

Minns 2011, p. 36 "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."

[3] Ivantchik 2018 "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin..."

[4] Harmatta 1996, p. 181 "[B]oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples."

[5] Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi"..."

[6] West 2002, pp. 437–440 "[T]rue Scyths seems to be those whom [Herodotus] calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony... apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock..."

[7] Rolle 1989, p. 56 "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples."

[8] Rostovtzeff 1922, p. 13 "The Scythian kingdom... was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves."

[9] Minns 2011, p. 36 "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian."

[Iranian_Speaking-3] 
Dandamayev 1994, p. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."

Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, p. 91 "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science..."

Melyukova 1990, pp. 97–98 "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes - the Scythians and Sarmatians..."

Melyukova (1990, pp. 117) "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group..."

Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians..."

Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37 "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest-steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C... They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language..."

[11] Dandamayev 1994, p. 37 "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."

[12] Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995, p. 91 "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science..."

[13] Melyukova 1990, pp. 97–98 "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes - the Scythians and Sarmatians..."

[14] Melyukova (1990, pp. 117) "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that since the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group..."

[15] Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153 "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock... The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians..."

[16] Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37 "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest-steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C... They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language..."

[EBIran-4] Young, T. Cuyler. "Ancient Iran: The kingdom of the Medes". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. {{cite web}}: |ref=harv ไม่ถูกต้อง (help); Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า s: |editors=, |subscription= และ |registration= (help)

[Beckwith49-5] Beckwith 2009, p. 49

[EBSarmatian-6] "Sarmatian". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. {{cite web}}: |ref=harv ไม่ถูกต้อง (help); Cite ไม่รู้จักพารามิเตอร์ว่างเปล่า s: |editors=, |subscription= และ |registration= (help)

[BM_39-7] Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002, p. 39 "Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations."

[MA_523-8] Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 523 "In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations."

[FOOTNOTEIvantchik2018-9] 8.0 ^8.1 Ivantchik 2018.

[Novák-10] 9.0 ^9.1 Novák, Ľubomír (2013). Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages. Charles University. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 August 2022.

[Parpola-11] 10.0 ^10.1 Parpola, Simo (1970). Neo-Assyrian Toponyms. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. p. 178.

[12] "Iškuzaya [SCYTHIAN] (EN)". oracc.museum.upenn.edu.

[13] "Asguzayu [SCYTHIAN] (EN)". oracc.museum.upenn.edu.

[14] Although ancient Persians and ancient Greeks respectively used the names "Saka" and "Scythian" for all the steppe nomads, the name "Scythian" is used specifically for the ancient nomads of the western steppe while "Saka" is used for a related group of nomads living in the eastern steppe.

[nomenclature-15] 
Dandamayev 1994, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."

Cernenko 2012, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."

Melykova 1990, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."

Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"

Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."

Sulimirski & Taylor 1991, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."

West 2002, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"

Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"

Di Cosmo 1999, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."

Rice, Tamara Talbot. "Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. [Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.

[29] Dandamayev 1994, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism."

[30] Cernenko 2012, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'."

[31] Melykova 1990, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians [...] "[I]t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West."

[32] Ivantchik 2018: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC (Figure 1). For related groups in Central Asia and India, see [...]"

[33] Sulimirski 1985, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock [...] The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians [...] [T]he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe [...] The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga."

[34] Sulimirski & Taylor 1991, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region."

[35] West 2002, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe [...] These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony [...] apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock [...]"

[36] Jacobson 1995, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C [...] They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language [...]"

[37] Di Cosmo 1999, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C."

[38] Rice, Tamara Talbot. "Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 4, 2019. [Saka] gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.

[note 1]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

@@ บรรทัด 66: / บรรทัด 66: @@
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+*{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Edwards |editor2-first=I. E. S. |editor2-link=I. E. S. Edwards |editor3-last=Hammond |editor3-first=N. G. L. |editor3-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4-last=Sollberger |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Edmond Sollberger |last1=Barnett |first1=R. D. |date=1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=3.1 |chapter=Urartu |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=314–371 |isbn=978-1-139-05428-7}}
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@@ บรรทัด 76: / บรรทัด 80: @@
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+* {{cite book |last1=Dickens |first1=Mark |date=2018 |chapter=Scythians (Saka) |chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198662778.001.0001/acref-9780198662778-e-4250 |editor1-last=Nicholson |editor1-first=Oliver |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A09WDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1346–1347 |isbn=978-0-19-174445-7 |access-date=April 27, 2020}}
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+* {{cite book |last=Di Cosmo |first=Nicola |author-link=Nicola Di Cosmo |year=1999 |chapter=The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (1,500 – 221 BC) |pages=885–996 |editor-last1=Loewe |editor-first1=Michael |editor-link1=Michael Loewe |editor-last2=Shaughnessy |editor-first2=Edward L. |editor-link2=Edward L. Shaughnessy |title=The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC |url=https://www.academia.edu/5191670 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=0-521-47030-7}}
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+*{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Edwards |editor2-first=I. E. S. |editor2-link=I. E. S. Edwards |editor3-last=Hammond |editor3-first=N. G. L. |editor3-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4-last=Sollberger |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Edmond Sollberger |editor5-last=Walker |editor5-first=C. B. F. |last=Grayson |first=A. K. |date=1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=3.2 |chapter=Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=103–141 |isbn=978-1-139-05429-4}}
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+* {{cite book |last=Jacobson |first=Esther |year=1995 |title=The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciZquFt9IFIC |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|BRILL]] |isbn=90-04-09856-9}}
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+* {{cite book |last=Olbrycht |first=Marek Jan |author-link= |date=2021 |title=Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] ; [[Boston]], [[United States]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-9-004-46076-8 }}
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 * {{cite book |last=Rostovtzeff |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Rostovtzeff |year=1922 |title=Iranians & Greeks In South Russia |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924028575060/page/n9 |publisher=[[Clarendon Press]] }}
-* {{cite book |last=Sulimirski |first=T. |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |year=1985 |chapter=The Scyths |editor-last=Gershevitch |editor-first=I. |editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch |title=The Cambridge History of Iran: The Median and Achaemenian Periods |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/DB61ED84C8CA739F99CA2CA67A3E2F62 |volume=2 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=149–199 |isbn=978-1-139-05493-5 }}
+* {{cite book |last=Sulimirski |first=T. |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |year=1985 |chapter=The Scyths |editor-last=Gershevitch |editor-first=I. |editor-link=Ilya Gershevitch |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |volume=2 |url= |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=149–199 |isbn=978-1-139-05493-5 }}
-*{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Edwards |editor2-first=I. E. S. |editor2-link=I. E. S. Edwards |editor3-last=N. G. L.|editor3-first=Hammond |editor3-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4-last=Sollberger |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Edmond Sollberger |editor5-last=Walker |editor5-first=C. B. F. |last1=Sulimirski |first1=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |last2=Taylor |first2=T. F. |author-link2=Timothy Taylor (archaeologist) |date=1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=3.2 |chapter=The Scythians |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=547-590 |isbn=978-1-139-05429-4}}
+*{{cite book |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Edwards |editor2-first=I. E. S. |editor2-link=I. E. S. Edwards |editor3-last=Hammond |editor3-first=N. G. L. |editor3-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor4-last=Sollberger |editor4-first=E. |editor4-link=Edmond Sollberger |editor5-last=Walker |editor5-first=C. B. F. |last1=Sulimirski |first1=Tadeusz |author-link=Tadeusz Sulimirski |last2=Taylor |first2=T. F. |author-link2=Timothy Taylor (archaeologist) |date=1991 |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=3.2 |chapter=The Scythians |url= |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=547–590 |isbn=978-1-139-05429-4}}
 * {{cite book |last=Szemerényi |first=Oswald |author-link=Oswald Szemerényi |year=1980 |title=Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka |url=http://www.azargoshnasp.net/history/Scythians/fouroldiranianethnicnames.pdf |publisher=[[:de:Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften|Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften]] |isbn=0-520-06864-5 }}
 * {{cite book |last=Testen |first=David |year=1997 |chapter=Ossetic Phonology |editor-last=Kaye |editor-first=Alan S. |title=Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C |volume=2 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |pages=707–733 |isbn=1-57506-019-1 }}
@@ บรรทัด 105: / บรรทัด 113: @@
 * {{cite journal |last1=Waśko |first1=Andrzej |author-link1=:pl:Andrzej Waśko |date=April 1997 |title=Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: The Dilemma of Polish Culture |url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/497/wasko.html |journal=Sarmatian Review |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |volume=XVII |issue=2 }}
 * {{cite book |last=West |first=Stephanie |author-link=Stephanie West |year=2002 |chapter=Scythians |editor-last1=Bakker |editor-first1=Egbert J. |editor-link1=Egbert Bakker |editor-last2=de Jong |editor-first2=Irene J. F. |editor-link2=Irene de Jong |editor-last3=van Wees |editor-first3=Hans |title=Brill's Companion to Herodotus |url=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004217584/BP000020.xml |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |pages=437–456 |isbn=978-90-04-21758-4 }}
+* {{cite book |last=Young |first=T. Cuyler |year=1988 |chapter=The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses |editor1-last=Boardman |editor1-first=John |editor1-link=John Boardman (art historian) |editor2-last=Hammond |editor2-first=N. G. L. |editor2-link=N. G. L. Hammond |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-first=D. M. |editor3-link=David Malcolm Lewis |editor4-last=Ostwald |editor4-first=M. |editor4-link=Martin Ostwald |title=The Cambridge Ancient History |volume=4 |location=[[Cambridge]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=1–52 |isbn=978-0-521-22804-6}}
-{{refend|2}}
+{{refend}}
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