ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ภาษาฟอร์แทรน"
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{{Infobox programming language |
{{Infobox programming language |
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| name |
| name = ภาษาฟอร์แทรน |
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| logo |
| logo = [[file:Fortran logo.svg|120px]] |
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| logo caption |
| logo caption = |
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| paradigm = [[Multi-paradigm programming language|Multi-paradigm]]: [[Structured programming|structured]], [[Imperative programming|imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]], [[Object-oriented programming|object-oriented]]), [[Generic programming|generic]], [[Array programming|array]] |
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| paradigm = |
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| year |
| year = {{Start date and age|1957}} |
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| designer |
| designer = [[จอห์น แบกคัส]] |
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| developer |
| developer = [[จอห์น แบกคัส]]และ[[ไอบีเอ็ม]] |
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| latest release version = |
| latest release version = Fortran 2018 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2018) |
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| latest release date |
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2018|11|28}} |
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| typing = [[Strong and weak typing|strong]], [[Type system|static]], [[Manifest typing|manifest]] |
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| typing = |
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| implementations |
| implementations = [[Absoft Fortran Compilers|Absoft]], [[Cray]], [[GNU Fortran|GFortran]], [[G95]], [[IBM]] XL Fortran, [[Intel Fortran Compiler|Intel]], [[Hitachi]], Lahey/Fujitsu, [[Numerical Algorithms Group]], [[Watcom C compiler|Open Watcom]], [[PathScale]], [[PGI compiler|PGI]], [[Silverfrost FTN95|Silverfrost]], [[Oracle Solaris Studio]], อื่น ๆ |
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| dialects |
| dialects = |
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| influenced_by |
| influenced_by = [[Speedcoding]] |
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| influenced = [[ALGOL 58]], [[BASIC]], [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Chapel (programming language)|Chapel]],<ref name="chplspec">{{cite web|title=Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)|url=http://chapel.cray.com/spec/spec-0.98.pdf|date=2015-10-01|access-date=2016-01-14|publisher=Cray Inc}}</ref> [[CMS-2 (programming language)|CMS-2]], [[DOPE (Dartmouth Oversimplified Programming Experiment)|DOPE]], [[Fortress (programming language)|Fortress]], [[PL/I]], [[PACT I]], [[MUMPS]], [[IDL (programming language)|IDL]], [[Ratfor]] |
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| influenced = |
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| operating_system |
| operating_system = |
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| license |
| license = |
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| file_ext = {{code|.f}}, {{code|.for}}, {{code|.f90}} |
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| website = |
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| website = |
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| file_ext = <code>.f</code>, <code>.for</code>, <code>.f90</code>, <code>.f95</code>, <code>.f03</code>, <code>.f08</code>, <code>.f15</code> |
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}} |
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'''ภาษาฟอร์แทรน''' ({{lang-en|Fortran}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɔr|t|r|æ|n}}; อดีตเขียนเป็น '''FORTRAN''') เป็น[[ภาษาโปรแกรม]]ที่ใช้ในจุดประสงค์ทั่วไป [[ภาษาคอมไพล์]][[การเขียนโปรแกรมเชิงคำสั่ง|เชิงคำสั่ง]]ที่ใช้ใน[[การวิเคราะห์เชิงตัวเลข|การคำนวณเลข]]และ[[วิทยาการคำนวณ]] |
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เดิมฟอร์แทรนพัฒนาโดย[[ไอบีเอ็ม]]<ref name="Where">{{cite web |url= http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/p25-backus.pdf |author=John Backus |title=The history of FORTRAN I, II and III |publisher= Softwarepreservation.org |access-date=19 November 2014}}</ref> ในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1950 เพื่อใช้ในทางวิทยาศาสตร์และวิศวกรรม ต่อมาจึงครอบคลุมถึงวิทยาการคำนวณ มีการใช้งานภาษานี้มามากกว่าหกทศวรรษในศาสตร์ที่เน้นการคำนวณ เช่น [[การพยากรณ์อากาศเชิงตัวเลข]], [[ระเบียบวิธีไฟไนต์เอลิเมนต์]], [[พลศาสตร์ของไหลเชิงคณนา]], [[ธรณีฟิสิกส์]], [[ฟิสิกส์เชิงคำนวณ]], [[ผลิกศาสตร์]] และ[[เคมีการคำนวณ]] ภาษานี้เป็นภาษายอดนิยมสำหรับ [[High performance computing]]<ref name="hpc">{{cite journal |url= http://queue.acm.org/detail.cfm?id=1820518 |author=Eugene Loh |title=The Ideal HPC Programming Language |journal=Queue |date=18 June 2010 |volume=8 |issue=6}}</ref> และใช้ในโปรแกรมที่วัดเปรียบเทียบสมรรถนะและจัดอันดับ[[TOP500|ซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์ที่เร็วที่สุด]]ในโลก<ref>{{cite web|title = HPL – <!--ndash ok here as substitute for hyphen?--> A Portable Implementation of the High-Performance Linpack Benchmark for Distributed-Memory Computers | access-date = 2015-02-21 | url = http://www.netlib.org/benchmark/hpl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Q13. What are the benchmarks? | work = Overview - CPU 2017 | publisher = [[SPEC]] | access-date = 2019-11-13 | url = http://www.spec.org/cpu2017/Docs/overview.html#benchmarks}}</ref> |
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'''ภาษาฟอร์แทรน''' (Fortran programming language หรือ FORTRAN) เป็นภาษาที่เก่าแก่ที่สุดของวงการคอมพิวเตอร์ ได้รับการพัฒนาขึ้นในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1950 นิยมนำไปใช้ในการคำนวณทาง[[คณิตศาสตร์]]และ[[วิทยาศาสตร์]] จนถึงปัจจุบันนี้ ภาษาฟอร์แทรนก็ยังถูกใช้ในทางวิทยาศาสตร์อยู่ |
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เค้าโครงของฟอร์แทรนเป็นฐานของภาษาโปรแกรมอื่น ๆ เช่น [[ภาษาเบสิก]] ที่มีฐานจาก FORTRAN II<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://time.com/69316/basic/ |magazine=Time |title=Fifty Years of BASIC |date=29 April 2014}}</ref> {{As of|2021|8|post=,}} ฟอร์แทรนอยู่ในอันดับที่ 13 ของ[[ดัชนี TIOBE]] ซึ่งเป็นตัววัดความนิยมของภาษาโปรแกรม ภาษานี้ไต่ขึ้นไป 29 อันดับจากอันดับที่ 42 ในเดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ. 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/|title=TIOBE Index for August 2021|author=TIOBE Software BV|date=August 2021|website=TIOBE.com|publisher=[[TIOBE index|TIOBE]]|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> |
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==อ้างอิง== |
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{{Reflist|refs= |
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<ref name="Sayre_1956">{{cite book |title=The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 EDPM: Programmer's Reference Manual |publisher=Applied Science Division and Programming Research Department, [[International Business Machines Corporation]] |location=New York, USA |date=1956-10-15 |editor-first=David |editor-last=Sayre |editor-link=David Sayre |author-first1=John Warner |author-last1=Backus |author-link1=John Warner Backus |author-first2=R. J. |author-last2=Beeber |author-first3=Sheldon F. |author-last3=Best |author-first4=Richard |author-last4=Goldberg |author-link4=Richard Goldberg |author-first5=Harlan L. |author-last5=Herrick |author-first6=R. A. |author-last6=Hughes |author-first7=L. B. |author-last7=Mitchell |author-first8=Robert A. |author-last8=Nelson |author-first9=Roy |author-last9=Nutt |author-link9=Roy Nutt |author-first10=David |author-last10=Sayre |author-link10=David Sayre |author-first11=Peter B. |author-last11=Sheridan |author-first12=Harold |author-last12=Stern |author-first13=Irving |author-last13=Ziller |pages=2, 19–20 |url=http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102649787.05.01.acc.pdf |access-date=2022-07-04 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704193549/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Fortran/102649787.05.01.acc.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-04}} (2+51+1 pages)</ref> |
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}} |
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==อ่านเพิ่ม== |
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<!--List sections in rough order of "authoritativeness": Language standards, then related standards, then other reference material, then books, then articles, then all others--> |
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;Language standards |
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* {{Cite book |
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| last = Ansi x3.9-1966 |
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| title = USA Standard FORTRAN |
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| publisher = American National Standards Institute |
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| url = http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf |
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| access-date = 5 May 2010 |
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| archive-date = 15 May 2011 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110515143149/http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/ansi-x3dot9-1966-Fortran66.pdf |
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| url-status = dead |
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}} Informally known as FORTRAN 66. |
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* {{Cite book |
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| last = Ansi x3.9-1978 |
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| title = American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN |
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| publisher = American National Standards Institute |
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| url = http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf.html |
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| access-date = 11 December 2007 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131029134137/http://www.fortran.com/fortran/F77_std/rjcnf.html |
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| archive-date = 29 October 2013 |
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| url-status = dead |
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}} Also known as [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] 1539–1980, informally known as FORTRAN 77. |
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* {{Cite book |
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| last = ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997) / ISO/IEC 1539:1991 |
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| title = American National Standard – Programming Language Fortran Extended |
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| publisher = American National Standards Institute / ISO/IEC |
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| url = http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=17366 |
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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020501111055/http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=17366 |
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| url-status = dead |
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| archive-date = 1 May 2002 |
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}} Informally known as Fortran 90. |
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* {{Cite book |
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|last = ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997 |
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|title = Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language |
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|url = http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf |
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|access-date = 13 December 2007 |
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110818190618/http://j3-fortran.org/doc/standing/archive/007/97-007r2/pdf/97-007r2.pdf |
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|archive-date = 18 August 2011 |
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|url-status = dead |
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}} Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further two parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI. |
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* {{Cite book |
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| last = ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004 |
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| title = Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language |
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| url = http://www.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc22/open/n3661.pdf |
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}} Informally known as Fortran 2003. |
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* {{Cite book |
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| last = ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Final Draft International Standard) |
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| title = Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language |
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| url = ftp://ftp.nag.co.uk/sc22wg5/N1801-N1850/N1830.pdf |
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}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Informally known as Fortran 2008. |
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;Related standards |
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* {{Cite journal |
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| last = Kneis |
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| first = Wilfried |
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| title = Draft standard Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN |
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| journal = ACM SIGPLAN Notices |
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| issn = 0362-1340 |
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|date=October 1981 |
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| volume = 16 |
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| issue = 7 |
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| pages = 45–60 |
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| doi = 10.1145/947864.947868 |
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| title-link = Industrial Real-Time Fortran |
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| s2cid = 8662381 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=ISO 8651-1:1988 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 1: FORTRAN|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=16024|year=1988|publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]]|location=Geneva, Switzerland}} |
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;อ้างอิงอื่น |
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* {{cite book |url=http://www.ecma-international.org/publications/files/ECMA-ST-WITHDRAWN/ECMA-9,%201st%20Edition,%20April%201965.pdf |title=ECMA Standard on FORTRAN |publisher=European Computer Manufacturers Association |date=April 1965 |access-date=2014-11-17}} |
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* {{cite book |url=http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/localdoc/f77_sun.pdf |title=FORTRAN 77 4.0 Reference Manual |publisher=Sun Microsystems, Inc. |year=1995 |access-date=2014-11-17 |archive-date=5 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105170048/http://wwwcdf.pd.infn.it/localdoc/f77_sun.pdf |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://www.atkielski.com/PDF/data/fortran.pdf |title=FORTRAN Coding Form |publisher=[[IBM]] |access-date=2014-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608095341/http://www.atkielski.com/PDF/data/fortran.pdf |archive-date=8 June 2015}} |
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* {{cite book |url=http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf |title=IBM System/360 and System/370 Fortran IV Language |publisher=[[IBM]] |date=May 1974 |access-date=2014-11-17 |archive-date=6 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406115810/http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/languages/GC28-6515-10-FORTRAN-IV-Language.pdf |url-status=dead }} |
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* {{cite web |url=http://michaelgoerz.net/refcards/fortran_refcard_a4.pdf |title=Modern Fortran Reference Card |last=Goerz |first=Michael |date=2014 |access-date=2014-12-14}} |
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;หนังสือ |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first1 = Jeanne C. |
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| last1 = Adams | author-link1=Jeanne Clare Adams |
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| first2 = Walter S. |
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| last2 = Brainerd |
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| first3 = Richard A. |
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| last3 = Hendrickson |
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| first4 = Richard E. |
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| last4 = Maine |
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| first5 = Jeanne T. |
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| last5 = Martin |
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| first6 = Brian T. |
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| last6 = Smith |
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| year = 2009 |
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| title = The Fortran 2003 Handbook |
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| edition = 1st |
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| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |
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| isbn = 978-1-84628-378-9}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Akin | first=J. E. | title=Object-oriented programming via Fortran 90/95 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, New York | year=2003 | isbn=978-0-521-52408-7 | oclc=49906306}} |
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* Arjen, Markus (2012), "Modern Fortran in Practice", Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-1-13908479-6. |
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* {{cite book | last1=Brainerd | first1=W.S. | last2=Goldberg | first2=C.H. | last3=Adams | first3=J.C. | title=Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90 | publisher=Springer | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-387-94570-5 | edition=3rd}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Brainerd | first=Walter | title=Guide to Fortran 2008 programming | publisher=Springer | publication-place=London | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-4471-6758-7 | oclc=920530344}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last = Chapman |
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| first = Stephen J. |
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| date = 2018 |
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| title = Fortran for Scientists and Engineers |
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| url = https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/fortran-scientists-engineers-chapman/M9780073385891.html |
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| edition = Fourth |
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| location = [[New York City|New York]] |
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| publisher = [[McGraw-Hill Education]] |
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| pages = xxiv + 1024 |
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| isbn = 978-0-07-338589-1 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first1 = Ian |
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| last1 = Chivers |
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| first2 = Jane |
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| last2=Sleightholme |
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| year = 2018 |
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| title = Introduction to Programming with Fortran |
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| edition = 4th |
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| publisher = Springer |
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| isbn = 978-3-319-75501-4}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Clerman | first=Norman | title=Modern Fortran : style and usage | publisher=Cambridge University Press | publication-place=New York | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-521-51453-8 | oclc=776162717}} |
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* {{cite book | last=Curcic | first=Milan | title=Modern Fortran: building efficient parallel applications | publisher=Manning Publications Company | publication-place=Shelter Island, NY | year=2020 | isbn=978-1-61729-528-7 | oclc=1256806439}} |
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*{{Cite book |
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| first1 = T. M. R. |
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| last1 = Ellis |
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| first2 = Ivor R. |
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| last2 = Phillips |
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| first3=Thomas M. |
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| last3 = Lahey |
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| year = 1994 |
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| title = Fortran 90 Programming |
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| edition = 1st |
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| publisher = Addison Wesley |
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| isbn = 978-0-201-54446-6}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = D. M. |
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| last = Etter |
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| year = 1990 |
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| title = Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists |
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| edition = 3rd |
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| publisher = The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. |
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| isbn = 978-0-8053-0051-2 |
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| url-access = registration |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/structuredfortra00ette_0 |
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}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = J. F. |
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| last = Kerrigan |
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| year = 1993 |
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| title = Migrating to Fortran 90 |
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| edition = 1st |
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| publisher = O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. |
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| isbn = 1-56592-049-X}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = Michael |
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| last = Kupferschmid |
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| year = 2002 |
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| title = Classical Fortran: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications |
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| publisher = Marcel Dekker (CRC Press) |
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| isbn = 978-0-8247-0802-3}} |
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* {{Cite book|title=Abstracting Away the Machine: The History of the FORTRAN Programming Language (FORmula TRANslation)|last=Lorenzo|first=Mark Jones|publisher=Independently published|year=2019|isbn=978-1082395949}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = Mike |
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| last = Loukides |
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| year = 1990 |
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| title = Unix for FORTRAN Programmers |
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| publisher = O'Reilly & Associates, Inc |
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| location = Sebastopol, CA 95472 |
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| isbn = 0-937175-51-X}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = Daniel D. |
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| last = McCracken |
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| year = 1961 |
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| title = A Guide to FORTRAN Programming |
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| url = https://archive.org/details/guidetofortranpr00mccr |
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| url-access = registration |
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| publisher = Wiley |
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| location = New York |
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| lccn = 61016618}} |
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* {{cite book |
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| last1=Metcalf |
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| first1=Michael |
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| last2=Reid |
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| first2=John |
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| last3=Cohen |
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| first3=Malcolm |
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| title=Modern Fortran explained : incorporating Fortran 2018 | publisher=Oxford University Press | publication-place=Oxford England | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-19-881188-6 | oclc=1039633256}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first = Larry |
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| last = Nyhoff |
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|author2=Sanford Leestma |
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| year = 1995 |
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| title = FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to Fortran 90 |
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| edition = 4th |
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| publisher = [[Prentice Hall]] |
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| isbn = 978-0-13-363003-9}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Page|first=Clive G.|title=Professional Programmer's Guide to Fortran77|url=http://www.star.le.ac.uk/~cgp/prof77.html|access-date=4 May 2010|edition=7 June 2005|year=1988|publisher=Pitman|location=London|isbn=978-0-273-02856-7}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Press|first=William H.|title=Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90: The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing|url=http://www.nrbook.com/a/bookf90pdf.php|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-57439-6}} |
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* {{Cite book |
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| first1 = Gregory |
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| last1 = Ruetsch |
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| first2 = Massimiliano |
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| last2 = Fatica |
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| year = 2013 |
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| title = CUDA Fortran for Scientists and Engineers |
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| edition = 1st |
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| publisher = [[Elsevier]] |
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| pages = 338 |
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| isbn = 9780124169708}} |
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* {{Cite book|last1=Sleighthome|first1=Jane|last2=Chivers|first2=Ian David|title=Interactive Fortran 77: A Hands-On Approach|url=http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_books.html|edition=2nd|series=Computers and their applications|year=1990|publisher=E. Horwood|location=Chichester|isbn=978-0-13-466764-5|access-date=12 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312213359/http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_books.html|archive-date=12 March 2014|url-status=dead}} |
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;บทความ |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Allen|first=F.E.|s2cid=14149353|date=September 1981|title=A History of Language Processor Technology in IBM|journal=IBM Journal of Research and Development|volume=25|issue=5|pages=535–548| doi = 10.1147/rd.255.0535 }} |
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* {{cite conference|url=http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/paper/BackusEtAl-FortranAutomaticCodingSystem-1957.pdf|title=The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System|conference=Western Joint Computer Conference|pages=188–198|date=February 1957|doi=10.1145/1455567.1455599|author1=J. W. Backus|author-link1=John Backus|author2=R. J. Beeber|author3=S. Best|author4=R. Goldberg|author5=L. M. Haibt|author-link5=Lois Haibt|author6=H. L. Herrick|author7=R. A. Nelson|author8=D. Sayre|author-link8=David Sayre|author9=P. B. Sheridan|author10=H. Stern|author11=L. Ziller|author12=R. A. Hughes|author13=R. Nutt|author-link13=Roy Nutt}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last1=Chivers|first1=Ian D.|first2=Jane|last2=Sleightholme|year=2013|title=Compiler support for the Fortran 2003 & 2008 standards|journal=ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum|volume=28|issue=1|pages=26–28|issn=1061-7264|doi=10.1145/1520752.1520755|s2cid=26200779|url=http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_info.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516202558/http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_info.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-16}} |
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* {{Cite journal|year=2011|title=The Seven Ages of Fortran|journal=Journal of Computer Science & Technology|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–8|url=https://journal.info.unlp.edu.ar/JCST/article/view/681/210|last=Metcalf |first=Michael}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia|url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=8&language=FORTRAN |title=FORTRAN – Backus et al high-level compiler (Computer Language) |last=Pigott |first=Diarmuid |year=2006 |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages |publisher=[[Murdoch University]] |access-date=5 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008230959/http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/showlanguage.prx?exp=8&language=FORTRAN |archive-date=8 October 2009}} |
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* {{Cite journal|year=1985|title=Design Considerations for IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN, an Optimizing Compiler|journal=IBM Systems Journal|volume=24|issue=1|pages=49–60|url=http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/241/ibmsj2401G.pdf|last1=Roberts |first1=Mark L. |last2=Griffiths |first2=Peter D.|doi=10.1147/sj.241.0049}} |
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==แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น== |
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{{Wikibooks|Fortran}} |
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{{Wikiquote|Fortran}} |
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* [https://wg5-fortran.org/ ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5]—the official home of Fortran standards |
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* [https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GFortranStandards Fortran Standards Documents]—GFortran standards |
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* [https://fortran-lang.org/ fortran-lang.org] (2020). |
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* [http://www.softwarepreservation.org/projects/FORTRAN/ History of FORTRAN and Fortran II]—[[Computer History Museum]] |
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* Valmer Norrod, et al.: [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700015982.pdf ''A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume I—textbook''], Computer Science Corporation El Segundo, California (April 1970). NASA (N70-25287). |
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* Valmer Norrod, Sheldom Blecher, and Martha Horton: [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19700015983.pdf ''A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume II—workbook''], NASA CR-1478 (April 1970), NASA (N70-25288). |
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* [https://doku.lrz.de/dyn/Doku_Kurse/Fortran/basics/Fortran_3days.pdf ''An introduction to the Fortran programming language'', by Reinhold Bader, Nisarg Patel, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre]. |
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{{ภาษาโปรแกรมที่สำคัญ}} |
{{ภาษาโปรแกรมที่สำคัญ}} |
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{{โครงการเขียนโปรแกรม}} |
{{โครงการเขียนโปรแกรม}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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[[หมวดหมู่:ภาษาฟอร์แทรน| ]] |
[[หมวดหมู่:ภาษาฟอร์แทรน| ]] |
รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 18:35, 24 กรกฎาคม 2565
กระบวนทัศน์ | Multi-paradigm: structured, imperative (procedural, object-oriented), generic, array |
---|---|
ผู้ออกแบบ | จอห์น แบกคัส |
ผู้พัฒนา | จอห์น แบกคัสและไอบีเอ็ม |
เริ่มเมื่อ | 1957 |
รุ่นเสถียร | Fortran 2018 (ISO/IEC 1539-1:2018)
/ 28 พฤศจิกายน 2018 |
ระบบชนิดตัวแปร | strong, static, manifest |
นามสกุลของไฟล์ | .f , .for , .f90 |
เว็บไซต์ | fortran-lang |
ตัวแปลภาษาหลัก | |
Absoft, Cray, GFortran, G95, IBM XL Fortran, Intel, Hitachi, Lahey/Fujitsu, Numerical Algorithms Group, Open Watcom, PathScale, PGI, Silverfrost, Oracle Solaris Studio, อื่น ๆ | |
ได้รับอิทธิพลจาก | |
Speedcoding | |
ส่งอิทธิพลต่อ | |
ALGOL 58, BASIC, C, Chapel,[1] CMS-2, DOPE, Fortress, PL/I, PACT I, MUMPS, IDL, Ratfor |
ภาษาฟอร์แทรน (อังกฤษ: Fortran, /ˈfɔːrtræn/; อดีตเขียนเป็น FORTRAN) เป็นภาษาโปรแกรมที่ใช้ในจุดประสงค์ทั่วไป ภาษาคอมไพล์เชิงคำสั่งที่ใช้ในการคำนวณเลขและวิทยาการคำนวณ
เดิมฟอร์แทรนพัฒนาโดยไอบีเอ็ม[2] ในคริสต์ทศวรรษ 1950 เพื่อใช้ในทางวิทยาศาสตร์และวิศวกรรม ต่อมาจึงครอบคลุมถึงวิทยาการคำนวณ มีการใช้งานภาษานี้มามากกว่าหกทศวรรษในศาสตร์ที่เน้นการคำนวณ เช่น การพยากรณ์อากาศเชิงตัวเลข, ระเบียบวิธีไฟไนต์เอลิเมนต์, พลศาสตร์ของไหลเชิงคณนา, ธรณีฟิสิกส์, ฟิสิกส์เชิงคำนวณ, ผลิกศาสตร์ และเคมีการคำนวณ ภาษานี้เป็นภาษายอดนิยมสำหรับ High performance computing[3] และใช้ในโปรแกรมที่วัดเปรียบเทียบสมรรถนะและจัดอันดับซูเปอร์คอมพิวเตอร์ที่เร็วที่สุดในโลก[4][5]
เค้าโครงของฟอร์แทรนเป็นฐานของภาษาโปรแกรมอื่น ๆ เช่น ภาษาเบสิก ที่มีฐานจาก FORTRAN II[6] ข้อมูลเมื่อ สิงหาคม 2021[update] ฟอร์แทรนอยู่ในอันดับที่ 13 ของดัชนี TIOBE ซึ่งเป็นตัววัดความนิยมของภาษาโปรแกรม ภาษานี้ไต่ขึ้นไป 29 อันดับจากอันดับที่ 42 ในเดือนสิงหาคม ค.ศ. 2020[7]
อ้างอิง
- ↑ "Chapel spec (Acknowledgements)" (PDF). Cray Inc. 2015-10-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2016-01-14.
- ↑ John Backus. "The history of FORTRAN I, II and III" (PDF). Softwarepreservation.org. สืบค้นเมื่อ 19 November 2014.
- ↑ Eugene Loh (18 June 2010). "The Ideal HPC Programming Language". Queue. 8 (6).
- ↑ "HPL – A Portable Implementation of the High-Performance Linpack Benchmark for Distributed-Memory Computers". สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-02-21.
- ↑ "Q13. What are the benchmarks?". Overview - CPU 2017. SPEC. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2019-11-13.
- ↑ "Fifty Years of BASIC". Time. 29 April 2014.
- ↑ TIOBE Software BV (August 2021). "TIOBE Index for August 2021". TIOBE.com. TIOBE. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2021-08-04.
<ref>
ชื่อ "Sayre_1956" ซึ่งนิยามใน <references>
ไม่ถูกใช้ในข้อความก่อนหน้าอ่านเพิ่ม
- Language standards
- Ansi x3.9-1966. USA Standard FORTRAN (PDF). American National Standards Institute. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 15 May 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 May 2010. Informally known as FORTRAN 66.
- Ansi x3.9-1978. American National Standard – Programming Language FORTRAN. American National Standards Institute. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 29 October 2013. สืบค้นเมื่อ 11 December 2007. Also known as ISO 1539–1980, informally known as FORTRAN 77.
- ANSI X3.198-1992 (R1997) / ISO/IEC 1539:1991. American National Standard – Programming Language Fortran Extended. American National Standards Institute / ISO/IEC. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 May 2002. Informally known as Fortran 90.
- ISO/IEC 1539-1:1997. Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language (PDF). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 18 August 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 13 December 2007. Informally known as Fortran 95. There are a further two parts to this standard. Part 1 has been formally adopted by ANSI.
- ISO/IEC 1539-1:2004. Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language (PDF). Informally known as Fortran 2003.
- ISO/IEC 1539-1:2010 (Final Draft International Standard). Information technology – Programming languages – Fortran – Part 1: Base language (PDF).[ลิงก์เสีย] Informally known as Fortran 2008.
- Related standards
- Kneis, Wilfried (October 1981). "Draft standard Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN". ACM SIGPLAN Notices. 16 (7): 45–60. doi:10.1145/947864.947868. ISSN 0362-1340. S2CID 8662381.
- ISO 8651-1:1988 Information processing systems – Computer graphics – Graphical Kernel System (GKS) language bindings – Part 1: FORTRAN. Geneva, Switzerland: ISO. 1988.
- อ้างอิงอื่น
- ECMA Standard on FORTRAN (PDF). European Computer Manufacturers Association. April 1965. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-11-17.
- FORTRAN 77 4.0 Reference Manual (PDF). Sun Microsystems, Inc. 1995. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 5 January 2012. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-11-17.
- "FORTRAN Coding Form" (PDF). IBM. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 8 June 2015. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-11-17.
- IBM System/360 and System/370 Fortran IV Language (PDF). IBM. May 1974. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 6 April 2011. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-11-17.
- Goerz, Michael (2014). "Modern Fortran Reference Card" (PDF). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2014-12-14.
- หนังสือ
- Adams, Jeanne C.; Brainerd, Walter S.; Hendrickson, Richard A.; Maine, Richard E.; Martin, Jeanne T.; Smith, Brian T. (2009). The Fortran 2003 Handbook (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-1-84628-378-9.
- Akin, J. E. (2003). Object-oriented programming via Fortran 90/95. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52408-7. OCLC 49906306.
- Arjen, Markus (2012), "Modern Fortran in Practice", Cambridge Univ. Press, ISBN 978-1-13908479-6.
- Brainerd, W.S.; Goldberg, C.H.; Adams, J.C. (1996). Programmer's Guide to Fortran 90 (3rd ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-94570-5.
- Brainerd, Walter (2015). Guide to Fortran 2008 programming. London: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4471-6758-7. OCLC 920530344.
- Chapman, Stephen J. (2018). Fortran for Scientists and Engineers (Fourth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. xxiv + 1024. ISBN 978-0-07-338589-1.
- Chivers, Ian; Sleightholme, Jane (2018). Introduction to Programming with Fortran (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-75501-4.
- Clerman, Norman (2012). Modern Fortran : style and usage. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-51453-8. OCLC 776162717.
- Curcic, Milan (2020). Modern Fortran: building efficient parallel applications. Shelter Island, NY: Manning Publications Company. ISBN 978-1-61729-528-7. OCLC 1256806439.
- Ellis, T. M. R.; Phillips, Ivor R.; Lahey, Thomas M. (1994). Fortran 90 Programming (1st ed.). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-54446-6.
- Etter, D. M. (1990). Structured FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists (3rd ed.). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8053-0051-2.
- Kerrigan, J. F. (1993). Migrating to Fortran 90 (1st ed.). O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 1-56592-049-X.
- Kupferschmid, Michael (2002). Classical Fortran: Programming for Engineering and Scientific Applications. Marcel Dekker (CRC Press). ISBN 978-0-8247-0802-3.
- Lorenzo, Mark Jones (2019). Abstracting Away the Machine: The History of the FORTRAN Programming Language (FORmula TRANslation). Independently published. ISBN 978-1082395949.
- Loukides, Mike (1990). Unix for FORTRAN Programmers. Sebastopol, CA 95472: O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. ISBN 0-937175-51-X.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (ลิงก์) - McCracken, Daniel D. (1961). A Guide to FORTRAN Programming. New York: Wiley. LCCN 61016618.
- Metcalf, Michael; Reid, John; Cohen, Malcolm (2018). Modern Fortran explained : incorporating Fortran 2018. Oxford England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881188-6. OCLC 1039633256.
- Nyhoff, Larry; Sanford Leestma (1995). FORTRAN 77 for Engineers and Scientists with an Introduction to Fortran 90 (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-363003-9.
- Page, Clive G. (1988). Professional Programmer's Guide to Fortran77 (7 June 2005 ed.). London: Pitman. ISBN 978-0-273-02856-7. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 May 2010.
- Press, William H. (1996). Numerical Recipes in Fortran 90: The Art of Parallel Scientific Computing. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57439-6.
- Ruetsch, Gregory; Fatica, Massimiliano (2013). CUDA Fortran for Scientists and Engineers (1st ed.). Elsevier. p. 338. ISBN 9780124169708.
- Sleighthome, Jane; Chivers, Ian David (1990). Interactive Fortran 77: A Hands-On Approach. Computers and their applications (2nd ed.). Chichester: E. Horwood. ISBN 978-0-13-466764-5. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 12 March 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 12 March 2014.
- บทความ
- Allen, F.E. (September 1981). "A History of Language Processor Technology in IBM". IBM Journal of Research and Development. 25 (5): 535–548. doi:10.1147/rd.255.0535. S2CID 14149353.
- J. W. Backus; R. J. Beeber; S. Best; R. Goldberg; L. M. Haibt; H. L. Herrick; R. A. Nelson; D. Sayre; P. B. Sheridan; H. Stern; L. Ziller; R. A. Hughes; R. Nutt (February 1957). The FORTRAN Automatic Coding System (PDF). Western Joint Computer Conference. pp. 188–198. doi:10.1145/1455567.1455599.
- Chivers, Ian D.; Sleightholme, Jane (2013). "Compiler support for the Fortran 2003 & 2008 standards". ACM SIGPLAN Fortran Forum. 28 (1): 26–28. doi:10.1145/1520752.1520755. ISSN 1061-7264. S2CID 26200779. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2008-05-16.
- Metcalf, Michael (2011). "The Seven Ages of Fortran". Journal of Computer Science & Technology. 11 (1): 1–8.
- Pigott, Diarmuid (2006). "FORTRAN – Backus et al high-level compiler (Computer Language)". The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages. Murdoch University. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 8 October 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ 5 May 2010.
- Roberts, Mark L.; Griffiths, Peter D. (1985). "Design Considerations for IBM Personal Computer Professional FORTRAN, an Optimizing Compiler" (PDF). IBM Systems Journal. 24 (1): 49–60. doi:10.1147/sj.241.0049.
แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น
- ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG5—the official home of Fortran standards
- Fortran Standards Documents—GFortran standards
- fortran-lang.org (2020).
- History of FORTRAN and Fortran II—Computer History Museum
- Valmer Norrod, et al.: A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume I—textbook, Computer Science Corporation El Segundo, California (April 1970). NASA (N70-25287).
- Valmer Norrod, Sheldom Blecher, and Martha Horton: A self-study course in FORTRAN programing—Volume II—workbook, NASA CR-1478 (April 1970), NASA (N70-25288).
- An introduction to the Fortran programming language, by Reinhold Bader, Nisarg Patel, Leibniz Supercomputing Centre.
- บทความที่มีข้อความที่อาจล้าสมัยตั้งแต่สิงหาคม 2021
- บทความที่มีลิงก์เสียตั้งแต่July 2017
- CS1 maint: location
- บทความเกี่ยวกับ การเขียนโปรแกรม ที่ยังไม่สมบูรณ์
- ภาษาฟอร์แทรน
- ภาษาโปรแกรม
- ภาษาโปรแกรมเชิงอาร์เรย์
- ภาษาโปรแกรมเชิงกระบวนงาน
- ภาษาโปรแกรมเชิงตัวเลข
- ภาษาโปรแกรมเชิงวัตถุ
- คอมพิวเตอร์งานขนาน
- มาตรฐานคอมพิวเตอร์
- สิ่งประดิษฐ์ของสหรัฐอเมริกา