ผู้ใช้:Prawarn/ทดลองเขียน
What is TNF[แก้]
Thai Natural Farming / Thailand Natural Farming
The basic concept of natural farming in Thailand revolves around the holistic management of agricultural production practices that focuses on the conservation of natural resources and agricultural ecosystems especially the restoration of soil fertility.
Thai natural farming focuses on the regenerative re-engineering goods extracted from nature without the use of chemicals for pesticides. The use of any chemical fertilizers is also frowned upon including technologies that disrupts and destroys natural resources. Most notably, Thai Natural Farming practices strictly encourages no-tilling of the soil, which causes destruction of soil structure. Nature already has the a way for healthy to ability maintain itself.
By nature, plant roots, animals carcasses, insects frass and microorganisms already keeps the soil handily maintained. Not using chemical fertilizers has a beneficial effect on soil structure and soil fertility in the long run. Farmers must learn maintenance practices, such as the use of cover cropping. Growing cover crops that are soil conditioners to control weeds and maintain soil Health during idle periods in wait for the following season. There are also nourishing crops that help the maintain the soil surface will not be after planting and harvesting which, when done incorrectly, is directly detriment to the structure and fertility of the soil
https://www.opsmoac.go.th/sustainable_agri-sustainable_agri-preview-382891791797
History[แก้]
Ajarn Phon Phumphanna, former deputy governor of Bangkok dedicated many years of her life to the improvement of Natural Farming in Thailand and ultimately brought the most esteemed Mr. Han Kyu Cho, the advocate to Korean Natural Farming. He was the chairman of the Korean Natural Farming Association (KNFA) and during his visit he had the opportunity to present knowledge on the use of indigenous micro-organisms (IMO) to Thai farmers, academics, and Thai public through multiple seminars at the Department of Agriculture and various other places during July-August 1997
The advocates who formed a natural farming clubs spread these practices are they are widely used in just three years, Koyama, A (1996) reports in Thesis that Mr. Cho has separated the products of basic microorganisms into 5 types as follows:
1. Indigenous Micro-organisms[แก้]
Can be foraged indefinitely through the use of cooked rice placed on a plate or in a tray, spread evenly at about 3 cm thick. The rice are to be covered with paper and placed in a cage to prevent rats and other animals from eating it. It is then placed under the trees in the grove or in the pile of dry leaves covered with plastic cloth to prevent excessive rain and dew. After leaving it for 5-6 days, farmers can uncover it and collect the white mold.
The rice are then poured into a clay pot before being further mixed with brown sugar or molasses at 1/3 of the weight of the rice, the mixture will become a thick liquid flourishing with microorganisms at the rate of 0.2 percent. Hemp sacks are then used to cover and protect heat as 65% humidity would be ideal, while if it is too dry, extra sprinkles of water is required before leaving it for another 2-3 days. The solution is then mixed with composts at the ratio of 30-50 times the amount of liquid before and covering and leaving it for another 3 weeks.
2. Fermented Plant Juice-FPJ[แก้]
Also called bio-extracted water in Thailand. (Bio-Extract-B.E.) This product can be easily applied and it has properties that’s almost as diverse as E.M., using mainly plant waste. Even better if it’s the same plant that is being grown, plant waste only includes parts that won’t be used as food that which would otherwise be discarded.
Mix well at the amount of 3 parts to 1 part brown sugar or molasses. Containers are not limited in either type or size. In some vegetable gardens, cement rings with a diameter of 1.0-1.5 m are used for making 3 toilet ponds interconnected to form a container with an open weave at the bottom when fermenting which usually takes 5-7 days before this ferment to be ready for diluting with plain water at the rate of 1:1000 or 1 teaspoon (10cc) per 10 liters (1,000 cc) of water used for watering vegetables through soil drench and foliar misting.
3. Lactic Acid Bacteria Serum, LABs, LAS[แก้]
Prepared by extracting microorganisms from the air into the rice water before being further cultivated in milk, transforming into lactic acid serum. Use this fermented water as foliar spray to increase plant resilience and to prevent plant diseases
4. Fish Amino Acid (FAA)[แก้]
Made from fermenting fish scraps with brown sugar at a ratio of 1/1 for 30 days or longer. This fermented solution is an excellent source of nitrogen for plants.
5. Brown Rice Vinegar[แก้]
Vinegar is produced from the fermentation of brown rice. It is possible to use white liquor that’s widely commercialized in the local market. Diluted with water and sprayed on the leaves of plants to make stronger and more resistant diseases.
https://www.opsmoac.go.th/yala-local_wisdom-files-421191791801
Types of practices:[แก้]
1. Natural Farming[แก้]
Natural farming models that revolve around the four main principles of no tilling, No fertilizing, no weed control, and no pesticides from Masanobu Fukuoka, Author of Natural Way of Farming, One Straw Revolution, and Sowing Seeds in the Desert.
2. Organic Agriculture[แก้]
An agricultural system that emphasizes environmental, social and economic standing, emphasizing soil maintenance, respecting the natural potential of plants, animals and agricultural ecology. organic farming, thus reducing the use external inputs and avoid the use of chemicals while utilizing nature synergistically to increase productivity and the development of disease resistance.
3. Agroforestry[แก้]
Agricultural systems performed in forest areas, such as planting crops in natural forest areas, bringing animals to feed the forest, foraging forest products for sustainable use, as well as creating an agricultural system with characteristics similar to the natural forest ecosystem, that is, there are dense trees, that’s also covered with shady trees, and has extra high humidity
4. Integrated Farming[แก้]
Agricultural system combining the growing of crops and raising of several animals. Multiple species in the same area, where each type of activity supports one another, together in a harmony especially in terms of food, mineral exchanges, air, energy, etc., ultimately mutually benefiting one another and maximizing efficiency on the farm system
5. New Theory Agriculture[แก้]
Agricultural system with various production facilities achieved through the division of available area into 4 parts
1) dig 30% water storage pond
2) plant 30% rice
3) plant 30% perennial fruit trees and
4) build buildings such as shelters, sheds, animal husbandry, sheds 10 % according to the appropriateness of the area
Standards[แก้]
United States uses the Organic food Production Act (OFPA) which was enacted in 1990 and amended in 1996.
European Unity (EU) requirements for organic produce have been included in the European Common Market Council (EEC No. 2092/91) and amended. Organic food produced from other countries under production standards with the same inspection measures are acceptable.
Japanese government Organic agriculture standards were promulgated on April 1, 2001, with reference to the Japanese Agriculture Standard (JAS) law.
Thailand has passed the standard for the production of organic plants, passing after the last amendment on October 18, 2000 by the Task Force on Improving Organic Crop Production Standards of Thailand and approved of the Organic Agriculture.
Research and Development Executive Committee from the Department of Agriculture, the Ministry of Agriculture, and Cooperatives International Federation of Organic Agriculture The International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement (IFOAM) has established the minimum standards for the certification of organic agriculture recognized in European countries. (Soil Association UK.)
It is an organization that focuses on organic agriculture. With a long history developing standards for organic farming and is widely accepted in the UK. The Pesticide Network Action (PNA) is a network organization of the United Kingdom mainly in Netherlands. Ultimately, Thai standards are in line with international organic standards.
Organic Plant Production Standard of Thailand[แก้]
There are key issues as follows:
- The land is not in an environment that is below the specified standard.
- The planting area must have no synthetic chemical residues.
- Do not use synthetic chemicals in the production process.
- Do not use seeds that have been mixed with synthetic chemicals.
- Do not use anything that is genetically modified.
- Do not use animal manure that has been raised to the wrong standard.
- External inputs must be certified to standards.
- The production process must be free from synthetic chemical contaminants.
- Promote biodiversity and environment
- Must be officially certified
Therefore, to facilitate organic farming operators, ACT has tried to integrate the standards of 3 most common systems into an organic agriculture standard.
(1) International Federation of Organic Farming Standards (IFOAM Basic Standards)
(2) European Union organic production standards set out in EU Regulations (EC) no. 834/2007 and 889/2008.
(3) ACT programme standards of organic agriculture
Standardizes the criteria for organic farming in the country of Thailand. Said system was established by the Subcommittee on Organic Agriculture Standards, ACT. (Only in the section of animal husbandry standards food items in the restaurant)
(4) Canadian organic agricultural standards by the Canadian Government Regime (COR) was issued in 2552 under the Organic Products Regulations, with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as the agency in charge.
(5) Organic standards of the United States under National Agricultural Exhibition Program (National Organic Program–NOP) with The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in charge of the certification stamdards. Said standards of organic agriculture has been used since 2002. In June 2009, The U.S. Department of Agriculture and Canada's CFIA signed an agreement establishing standards for the Agricultural systems, which resulted in the certification for organic agricultural produce. According to this new system, Canada standards are well in line with US accreditation system
(6) Switzerland Agricultural Standards established in September 1997 (Organic Farming Ordinance, SR 910.18) with the Federal Office for Agriculture (FOAG) in charge as the certifying body for agricultural standards. On July 17, 2012 Thailand’s ACT programme can also provide inspections and said certification for the cultivation of organic crops.
http://www.lopburi.doae.go.th/Organic.htm
http://actorganic-cert.or.th/th/manual-th/organicstandard-th/
https://www.opsmoac.go.th/songkhla-manual-files-391191791803