ผู้ใช้:Noktonissian/ทดลองเขียน/วรรณยุกต์ล้านนา
Tone mark conjugation[แก้]
There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal stop, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. Tones in Chiang Mai dialect are very close to the standard Thai five tones systems and the equivalence can be drawn between the two. Lanna–Thai dictionaries often equate Chiang Mai tones with standard Thai tones, shown in a table below.
| วรรณยุกต์ | ภาษาไทย มาตรฐาน[1] |
ภาษาล้านนา สำเนียงเชียงใหม่[1] |
|---|---|---|
| สามัญ | 33 or ˧˧ | 33 or ˧˧ |
| เอก | 21 or ˨˩ | 21 or ˨˩ |
| โท | 43 or ˦˧ | 42 or ˦˨ |
| โทพิเศษ | – | 44ʔ or ˦˦ʔ |
| ตรี | 44 or ˦˦ | 45 or ˦˥ |
| จัตวา | 323 or ˧˨˧ | 24 or ˨˦ |
Tone mark conjugation system of Tai Tham highly correlates with the system used by Thai script. Despite the difference in tone quality between Northern Thai, Tai Khuen, Thai, and Lao; equivalent words in each language are, in large part, marked with the same (or equivalent) tone mark. For example, the word ᨣ᩶ᩤ (เสียงอ่านภาษาคำเมือง: [kaː˦˥]; Khuen: [kaː˦˩]) which is equivalent to Thai ค้า (แม่แบบ:IPA-th), and Lao ຄ້າ (เสียงอ่านภาษาลาว: [kʰaː˥˨]) all has the same meaning "to trade" and is expressed with the same or equivalent tone mark mai tho/mai kho jang but is pronounced with different tones differed by the languages.
Tone mark conjugation in Tai Tham follows the same model used for Thai script. Consonants are divided into 3 classes: high, mid, low; with some degree of variation form Thai script due to the phonological differences between Northern Thai and standard Thai. Consonants in each class are combined with these tone marks to give a different tonal pattern.
Only two tone marks mai yo (᩵) and mai kho jang (᩶) are mainly used. Low class and High class consonants only have one tone per one tone mark. Hence, to achieve the 6 tones while using only 2 tone marks (and one case of no tone mark), they are conjugated as a couple of the same sound.[2]
| เสียงพยัญชนะ | สัทอักษร | อักษรสูง | อักษรต่ำ |
|---|---|---|---|
| ก | [k] | ᨠ | ᨣ |
| ฃ, ฅ | [x] | ᨡ, ᨢ | ᨤ, ᨥ |
| ง | [ŋ] | ᩉ᩠ᨦ | ᨦ |
| จ | [t͡ɕ] | ᨧ | ᨩ |
| ส | [s] | ᨨ, ᩆ, ᩇ, ᩈ | ᨪ, ᨫ |
| ญ (เสียงนาสิก) | [ɲ] | ᩉ᩠ᨿ | ᨬ, ᨿ |
| ต | [t] | ᨭ, ᨲ | ᨴ |
| ท | [tʰ] | ᨮ, ᨳ | ᨰ, ᨵ |
| น | [n] | ᩉ᩠ᨶ | ᨱ, ᨶ |
| ป | [p] | ᨷ[a] ᨸ | ᨻ |
| พ, ผ, ภ | [pʰ] | ᨹ | ᨽ |
| ฟ, ฝ | [f] | ᨺ | ᨼ |
| ม | [m] | ᩉ᩠ᨾ | ᨾ |
| ร | [r] | ᩉᩕ | ᩁ |
| ล | [l] | ᩉᩖ, ᩉ᩠ᩃ, ᩉᩕ | ᩃ, ᩊ, ᩁ |
| ห, ฮ | [h] | ᩉ, ᩉᩕ | ᩌ, ᩁ |
| ว | [w] | ᩉ᩠ᩅ | ᩅ |
| อักษรกลาง | |||
| อ | |||
| บ | |||
| ด | |||
| ย | |||
- Notes
- ↑ Pali derived words.
Mid class consonants ([ʔ], [b], [d], and [j]) do not have a couple for tone conjugation. Hence, different tones can be expressed with the same tone mark. Readers have to rely on the context in order to know the correct tone pronunciation. Therefore, to solve this ambiguity, three new tone marks: mai ko nuea (᩷), mai song nuea (᩸), and mai sam nuea (᩹) were invented for the mid class consonants in Khuen language. However, these three new tone marks aren't used in Lanna spelling convention and even in Khuen, they are rarely used. The use of these new three tone marks is also not standardized and may also differ between the dialects of Khuen language.[3]
Moreover, similar to standard Thai, the tonal pattern for each consonant class also differs by vowel length and final consonant sounds, which can be divided into the "checked" and "unchecked" syllables. Checked syllables are a group of syllables with the obstruent coda sounds [p̚], [t̚], [k̚], and [ʔ] (short vowel with no final consonant actually ends with the glottal stop, but often omitted). The unchecked syllables are a group of syllables with the sonorant coda sound [m], [n], [ŋ], [j], and [w].
Hence, by combining the consonant classes and the system of checked–unchecked syllables, the full tone conjugation table can be constructed as shown below. Color codes are assigned in the table to each tone mark: cyan – no tone mark; yellow – mai yo (equi. Thai mai ek); pink – mai kho jang (equi. Thai mai tho). Low class and high class rows are paired together to show the system of the consonant couples.
| มาตราตัวสะกด | เสียงสระ | ไตรยางศ์ | ระดับเสียงวรรณยุกต์ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| สามัญ | เอก | โท | โทพิเศษ | ตรี | จัตวา | |||
| คำเป็น
แม่กม, แม่กง, |
สระเสียงยาว และ สระเสียงสั้น |
ต่ำ | ᨴᩣ [ทา] /taː˧˧/ /ตา/ "ทา" |
ᨴ᩵ᩣ [ท่า] /taː˦˨/ /ต้า/ "ท่า" |
ᨴ᩶ᩣ [ท้า] /taː˦˥/ /ต๊า/ "ท้า" |
|||
| สูง | ᨲ᩵ᩣ᩠ᨦ [ต่าง]
/taːŋ˨˩/ /ต่าง/ |
ᨲ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶ [ต้าน]
/taːn˦˦ʔ/ /ต้าน*/ |
ᨲᩣ [ตา]
/taː˨˦/ /ต๋า/ | |||||
| กลาง | ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ [อุย]
/ʔuj˧˧/ /อุย/ |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ [อุ่ย]
/ʔuj˨˩/ /อุ่ย/ |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿᩌᩩ᩠᩵ᨿ[a][4] [อุ้ยฮุ่ย]
/ʔuj˦˨.huj˦˨/ /อุ้ยหุ้ย/ |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[4] [อุ้ย]
/ʔuj˦˦ʔ/ /อุ้ย*/ |
ᩋᩩ᩠᩶ᨿ[a][5] [อุ้ย]
/ʔuj˦˥/ /อุ๊ย/ |
ᩋᩩ᩠ᨿ[a][6] [อุย]
/ʔuj˨˦/ /อุ๋ย/ | ||
| คำตาย[b]
แม่กก, แม่กบ, |
สระเสียงยาว | ต่ำ | ᨴᩣ᩠ᨠ [ทาก]
/taːk̚˦˨/ /ต้าก/ |
ᨶᩰ᩠᩶ᨴ[a][c][7] [โน้ท]
/noːt̚˦˥/ /โน๊ด/ "โน้ต" |
||||
| สูง | ᨲᩣ᩠ᨠ [ตาก] /taːk̚˨˩/ /ตาก/ "ตาก" |
|||||||
| กลาง | ᨯᩣ᩠ᨷ [ดาบ] /daːp̚˨˩/ /ดาบ/ "ดาบ" |
ᩋᩪ᩶ᨯ[a][8] [อู้ด] /ʔuːt̚˦˨/ /อู้ด/ "บวม" |
ᩋ᩶ᩬᨷ[a][9] [อ้อบ] /ʔɔːp̚˦˥/ /อ๊อบ/ "คอขวด" |
|||||
| สระเสียงสั้น | ต่ำ | ᨴᩢ᩠ᨠ [ทัก] /tak̚˦˥/ /ตั๊ก/ "ทัก" |
||||||
| สูง | ᨲᩢ᩠ᨷ [ตับ] /tap̚˨˦/ /ตั๋บ/ "ตับ" | |||||||
| กลาง | ᩋᩩ᩶ᨠ[a][10] [อุ้ก] /ʔuk̚˦˥/ /อุ๊ก/ "บ่ม" |
ᨯᩢ᩠ᨷ [ดับ] /dap̚˨˦/ /ดั๋บ/ "ดับ" | ||||||
- Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Secondary form for mid class consonants. This form is less frequently found, and not listed in some grammar book. However, there are dictionary records of words in this form, especially the word start with ᩋ /ʔ/.
- ↑ Some linguists consider this class as separated tones group.
- ↑ Mostly the borrow words from Thai and English.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. pp. ต. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ↑ Watcharasastr, Boonkid (2005). แบบเรียนภาษาเมืองล้านนา ᨷᩯ᩠ᨷᩁ᩠ᨿᩁᨽᩣᩇᩣᨾᩮᩬᩨᨦᩃ᩶ᩣ᩠ᨶᨶᩣ. Chiang Mai: Thara Thong Publishing. ISBN 9748547205.
- ↑ อ้างอิงผิดพลาด: ป้ายระบุ
<ref>ไม่ถูกต้อง ไม่มีการกำหนดข้อความสำหรับอ้างอิงชื่อOwen - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 December 2022.
- ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 625. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ↑ Sunthornsing, Charee. "พจนานุกรมภาษาล้านนา-ไทย ฉบับมรดกล้านนา". มรดกล้านนา. สืบค้นเมื่อ 27 December 2022.
- ↑ "รายงานสัมมนา แนวทางการเขียนศัพท์วิชาการด้วยอักษรธรรมล้านนา" [Seminar report: guidelines for writing technical terms using Lanna script.] (PDF). The Center for the Promotion of Arts and Culture, Chiang Mai University. 17 January 2004. p. 44. สืบค้นเมื่อ 6 August 2022.
- ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 628. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 612. ISBN 9789747793567.
- ↑ The Lanna Dictionary. Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai Rajabhat University. 2007. p. 624. ISBN 9789747793567.