ผู้ใช้:Thitut/ทดลองเขียน/ลูโนโฮด 1

จากวิกิพีเดีย สารานุกรมเสรี
ลูโนโฮด 1
แบบจำลองพาหนะสำรวจดวงจันทร์ลูโนโฮดของสหภาพโซเวียต
ประเภทภารกิจพาหนะสำรวจดวงจันทร์
COSPAR ID1970-095A
เว็บไซต์Lunar and Planetary Department Sternberg State Astronomical Inst. Moscow University Lunokhod 1 page
ข้อมูลยานอวกาศ
มวลขณะส่งยาน5,600 กิโลกรัม (12,300 ปอนด์)
มวลแห้ง756 กิโลกรัม (1,667 ปอนด์) (พาหนะสำรวจเท่านั้น)
กำลังไฟฟ้า180 วัตต์
เริ่มต้นภารกิจ
วันที่ส่งขึ้น10 พฤศจิกายน 1970
จรวดนำส่งโปรตอน-เค/ดี
ฐานส่งไบโคนูร์ 81/23
สิ้นสุดภารกิจ
ติดต่อครั้งสุดท้าย14 กรกฎาคม 1971
ยานสำรวจ ดวงจันทร์
ส่วนประกอบยานอวกาศพาหนะสำรวจ
วันที่ลงจอด17 พฤศจิกายน 1970, 03:47:00 UTC
ตำแหน่งลงจอด38°14′16″N 35°00′06″W / 38.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017
 

ลูโนโฮด 1 (Луноход, ผู้ตระเวนดวงจันทร์ ในภาษารัสเซีย; Аппарат 8ЕЛ № 203, พาหนะ 8ЕЛ№203) เป็นหนึ่งในสอง พาหนะสำรวจดวงจันทร์หุ่นยนต์ ที่ลงจอดบน ดวงจันทร์ โดย สหภาพโซเวียต โดยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งของ โครงการลูโนโฮด. ยานอวกาศลูนา 17 ได้ขนส่ง ลูโนโฮด 1 ไปยังดวงจันทร์ในปีค.ศ. 1970. ลูโนโฮด 1 was the first remote-controlled robot "rover" to freely move across the surface of an astronomical object beyond the Earth. It was also the first wheeled craft on another celestial body.[1] Lunokhod 0 (No.201), the previous and first attempt to do so, launched in February 1969 but failed to reach orbit.

Although only designed for a lifetime of three lunar days (approximately three Earth months), Lunokhod-1 operated on the lunar surface for eleven lunar days (321 Earth days) and traversed a total distance of 10.54 km.[2]

คำอธิบาย[แก้]

Lunokhod 1 was a lunar vehicle formed of a tub-like compartment with a large convex lid on eight independently powered wheels. Its length was 2.3 เมตร (7 ฟุต 7 นิ้ว). Lunokhod was equipped with a cone-shaped antenna, a highly directional helical antenna, four television cameras, and special extendable devices to test the lunar soil for soil density and mechanical properties. An X-ray spectrometer, an X-ray telescope, cosmic ray detectors, and a laser device were also included. The vehicle was powered by batteries which were recharged during the lunar day by a solar cell array mounted on the underside of the lid. To be able to work in a vacuum, special fluoride-based lubricant was used for the mechanical parts, and the electric motors (one in each wheel hub) were enclosed in pressurized containers.[3][4] During the lunar nights, the lid was closed, and a polonium-210 radioisotope heater unit kept the internal components at operating temperature. Lunokhod 1 was intended to operate through three lunar days (approximately three Earth months), but actually operated for eleven lunar days.

การส่งและการโคจรดวงจันทร์[แก้]

Luna 17 was launched on November 10, 1970 at 14:44:01 UTC. After reaching earth parking orbit, the final stage of Luna 17's launching rocket fired to place it into a trajectory towards the Moon (1970-11-10 at 14:54 UTC). After two course correction maneuvers (on November 12 and 14), it entered lunar orbit on November 15, 1970 at 22:00 UTC.

การลงจอดและปฏิบัติการ[แก้]

right|500px|A panorama shot from Lunokhod 1 The spacecraft soft-landed on the Moon in the Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on November 17 at 03:47 UTC. It landed in western Mare Imbrium, about 60 km south of the Promontorium Heraclides. The lander had dual ramps from which the payload, Lunokhod 1, could descend to the lunar surface. At 06:28 UTC the rover moved onto the Moon's surface.

The rover would run during the lunar day, stopping occasionally to recharge its batteries via the solar panels. At night the rover hibernated until the next sunrise, heated by the radioactive source.

Small craters along its traverse were named unofficially during the mission. The names were officially approved by the IAU in 2012.[5] They are called Albert, Leonid, Kolya, Valera, Borya, Gena, Vitya, Kostya, Igor, Slava, Nikolya, and Vasya.

1970:

  • November 17 – 22: The rover drove 197 m, returned 14 close-up pictures of the Moon and 12 panoramic views, during 10 communication sessions. It also conducted analyses of the lunar soil.
  • December 9 – 22: 1,522 m

1971:

  • January 8 – 20: 1,936 m
  • February 8 – 19: 1,573 m
  • March 9 – 20: 2,004 m
  • April 8 – 20: 1,029 m
  • May 7 – 20: 197 m
  • June 5 – 18: 1,559 m
  • July 4 – 17: 220 m
  • August 3 – 16: 215 m
  • August 31 – September 14: 88 m

สิ้นสุดภารกิจและผลลัพธ์[แก้]

Controllers finished the last communications session with Lunokhod 1 at 13:05 UT on September 14, 1971. Attempts to re-establish contact were finally discontinued and the operations of Lunokhod 1 officially ceased on October 4, 1971, the anniversary of Sputnik 1. During its 322 Earth days of operations, Lunokhod 1 travelled 10,540 metres (6.55 miles) and returned more than 20,000 TV images and 206 high-resolution panoramas. In addition, it performed 25 lunar soil analyses with its RIFMA x-ray fluorescence spectrometer and used its penetrometer at 500 different locations.ตำแหน่งปัจจุ

ตำแหน่งปัจจุบัน[แก้]

LRO image from 2010

The final location of Lunokhod 1 was uncertain until 2010, as lunar laser ranging experiments had failed to detect a return signal from it since 1971. On March 17, 2010, Albert Abdrakhimov found both the lander and the rover[6] in Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter image M114185541RC.[7] In April 2010, the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation (APOLLO) team from the University of California at San Diego used the LRO images to locate the rover closely enough for laser range (distance) measurements. On April 22, 2010 and days following, the team successfully measured the distance several times. The intersection of the spheres described by the measured distances then pinpoint the current location of Lunokhod 1 to within 1 meter.[8][9] APOLLO is now using Lunokhod 1's reflector for experiments, as they discovered, to their surprise, that it was returning much more light than other reflectors on the Moon. According to a NASA press release, APOLLO researcher Tom Murphy said, "We got about 2,000 photons from Lunokhod 1 on our first try. After almost 40 years of silence, this rover still has a lot to say."[10]

By November 2010, the location of the rover had been determined to within about a centimeter. The location near the limb of the Moon, combined with the ability to range the rover even when it is in sunlight, promises to be particularly useful for determining aspects of the Earth–Moon system.[11]

In a report released in May 2013, French scientists at the Côte d'Azur Observatory led by Jean-Marie Torre reported replicating the 2010 laser ranging experiments by American scientists after research using images from the NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. In both cases, laser pulses were returned from the Lunokhod 1 retroreflector.[12]

ดูเพิ่ม[แก้]

อ้างอิง[แก้]

  1. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (PDF). The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. p. 1. ISBN 9781626830424. LCCN 2017059404. SP2018-4041.
  2. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (December 19, 2016). "Lunokhod 1: 1st Successful Lunar Rover", Space.com. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
  3. ↑ SVT2, Vetenskapens värld, "Den ryska månbilen", 080211 [1][ลิงก์เสีย]
  4. ↑ Synlube Lube-4-Life (Moon applications). synlube.com
  5. ↑ Borya, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)
  6. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (March 17, 2010). "And now for Luna 17 and Lunokhod 1". Planetary Report.
  7. ↑ "LROC Observation M114185541R". Arizona State University.
  8. ↑ McDonald, Kim (April 26, 2010). "UC San Diego Physicists Locate Long Lost Soviet Reflector on Moon". UCSD. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 27, 2010.
  9. ↑ Klotz, Irene (April 27, 2010). "Lost and Found: Soviet Lunar Rover".
  10. ↑ Coulter, Dauna (June 3, 2010). "Old Moon Rover Beams Surprising Laser Flashes to Earth". NASA.
  11. ↑ Murphy Jr., T.W.; Adelberger, E.G.; Battat, J.B.R.; Hoyle, C.D.; Johnson, N.H.; McMillan, R.J.; Michelsen, E.L.; Stubbs, C.W.; Swanson, H.E. (2011). "Laser ranging to the lost Lunokhod 1 reflector". Icarus. 211 (2): 1103. arXiv:1009.5720. Bibcode:2011Icar..211.1103M. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.010.
  12. ↑ Scientists Use Laser to Find Soviet Moon Rover, space-travel.com, May 2, 2013

ลิงค์ภายนอก[แก้]

วิกิมีเดียคอมมอนส์มีสื่อที่เกี่ยวข้องกับ Lunokhod-1

แม่แบบ:ยานอวกาศดวงจันทร์ แม่แบบ:Lavochkin aircraft แม่แบบ:Orbital launches in 1970

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