ผู้ใช้:Thitut/ทดลองเขียน/ยูรี กาการิน

ในชื่อซึ่งตั้งตามธรรมเนียมภาษากลุ่มสลาฟตะวันออกนี้ นามสกุลที่แปลงมาจากชื่อบิดาคือ อะเลคเซเยวิช ส่วนนามสกุลของตระกูลคือ กาการิน

ยูรี กาการิน Юрий Гагарин
กาการินขณะเยือนสวีเดน ค.ศ. 1964
เกิด	ยูรี อะเลคเซเยวิช กาการิน 9 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1934(1934-03-09) คลูชิโน, สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย, สหภาพโซเวียต
เสียชีวิต	27 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1968(1968-03-27) (34 ปี) โนวอสโยโลโว, สาธารณรัฐรัสเซีย, สหภาพโซเวียต
สุสาน	สุสานกำแพงเครมลิน
สัญชาติ	ชาวโซเวียต, ชาวรัสเซีย
อาชีพ	นักบิน, นักบินอวกาศ
รางวัล	วีรชนแห่งสหภาพโซเวียต เครื่องอิสริยาภรณ์เลนิน นักบิน-นักบินอวกาศแห่งสหภาพโซเวียต
อาชีพในอวกาศ
นักบินอวกาศโซเวียต
ยศ	นาวาอากาศเอก
อยู่บนอวกาศ	1 ชั่วโมง 48 นาที
การคัดเลือก	กลุ่มกองทัพอากาศที่ 1
ภารกิจ	วอสตอค 1
ลายมือชื่อ

นาวาอากาศเอก ยูรี อะเลคเซเยวิช กาการิน (รัสเซีย: Юрий Алексеевич Гагарин; อักษรโรมัน: Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin) (9 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1934 – 27 มีนาคม ค.ศ. 1968) เป็นนักบินและนักบินอวกาศชาวโซเวียตและรัสเซีย ซึ่งเป็นมนุษย์ที่เดินทางสู่อวกาศคนแรกของโลก เดินทางในยานอวกาศวอสตอค 1 กาการินทำการบินโคจรรอบโลกครบหนึ่งรอบในวันที่ 12 เมษายน ค.ศ. 1961 By achieving this major milestone in the Space Race he became an international celebrity, and was awarded many medals and titles, including Hero of the Soviet Union, his nation's highest honour.

Gagarin was born in the Russian village of Klushino, and in his youth was a foundryman at a steel plant in Lyubertsy. He later joined the Soviet Air Forces as a pilot and was stationed at the Luostari Air Base, near the Norwegian border, before his selection for the Soviet space programme with five other cosmonauts. Following his spaceflight, Gagarin became deputy training director of the Cosmonaut Training Centre, which was later named after him. He was also elected as a deputy of the Soviet of the Union in 1962 and then to the Soviet of Nationalities, respectively the lower and upper chambers of the Supreme Soviet.

Vostok 1 was Gagarin's only spaceflight, but he served as the backup crew to the Soyuz 1 mission, which ended in a fatal crash, killing his friend and fellow cosmonaut Vladimir Komarov. Fearful that a national hero might be killed, Soviet officials banned Gagarin from further spaceflights. After completing training at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy in February 1968, he was allowed to fly regular aircraft. Gagarin died five weeks later when the MiG-15 training jet he was piloting with flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the town of Kirzhach.

Early life

Gagarin family home in Klushino

Gagarin was born 9 March 1934 in the village of Klushino, in the Smolensk Oblast of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, near Gzhatsk (renamed Gagarin in 1968 after his death). His parents worked on a collective farm—Aleksey Ivanovich Gagarin as a carpenter and Anna Timofeyevna Gagarina as a dairy farmer. Yuri was the third of four children. His older brother Valentin was born in 1924, and by the time Yuri was born he was already helping with the cattle on the farm. His sister Zoya, born in 1927, helped take care of "Yura" and their youngest brother Boris, born in 1936.

Gagarin's hometown was situated along the path of several invasions of Russia, and had been the site of many wars and conquests from foreign nations. Like millions of Soviet Union citizens, his family suffered during the Nazi occupation during World War II. During the German advance on Moscow, retreating Red Army soldiers seized the collective farm's livestock. The Nazis captured Klushino on 18 October 1941. On their first day in the village, they burned down the school, ending Yuri's first year of education. The Nazis also burned down 27 houses in the village and forced the residents including the Gagarins to work the farms to feed the occupying soldiers. Those who refused were beaten or sent to the concentration camp set up at Gzhatsk.

A German officer took over the Gagarin residence. On the land behind their house, the family was allowed to build a mud hut measuring approximately 3 โดย 3 เมตร (10 โดย 10 ฟุต), where they spent 21 months until the end of the occupation. During this period, Yuri became a saboteur, especially after one of the German soldiers, who the children called "the Devil", tried to hang his younger brother Boris on an apple tree using the boy's scarf. In retaliation, Yuri sabotaged the soldier's work; he poured soil into the tank batteries gathered to be recharged and randomly mixed the different chemical supplies intended for the task. In early 1943, his two older siblings were deported by the Germans to Poland for slave labour. They escaped and were found by Soviet soldiers who conscripted them into helping with the war effort. They did not return home until after the war, in 1945.

The rest of the Gagarin family believed the two older children were dead, and Yuri became ill with "grief and hunger"; he was also beaten for refusing to work for the German forces and spent the remainder of the war at a hospital as a patient and later as an orderly. His mother was hospitalized during the same period, after a German soldier gashed her leg with a scythe. When the Germans were routed out of Klushino on 9 March 1944, Yuri helped the Red Army find mines buried in the roads by the fleeing German army.