ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "การปฏิเสธการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ"

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รุ่นแก้ไขปัจจุบันเมื่อ 23:21, 24 มกราคม 2566

การปฏิเสธการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ (อังกฤษ: climate change denial) หรือ การปฏิเสธปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน (อังกฤษ: global warming denial) เป็นการปฏิเสธ การไม่ให้ความสำคัญ หรือการสงสัยอย่างไร้เหตุผล เรื่องมติส่วนใหญ่ของนักวิทยาศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับอัตราและขอบเขตของปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน ขอบเขตของปรากฏการณ์ที่มีเหตุมาจากมนุษย์ ผลกระทบของปรากฏการณ์ต่อธรรมชาติและสังคมมนุษย์ และโอกาสที่การกระทำของมนุษย์จะสามารถลดผลกระทบเหล่านั้น^[1]^[2] ส่วน วิมตินิยมเรื่องการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ (อังกฤษ: Climate change skepticism) และการปฏิเสธการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ เป็นเรื่องที่มีองค์คาบเกี่ยวกัน และมักจะมีคุณลักษณะคล้าย ๆ กัน กล่าวคือ ทั้งสองปฏิเสธมติปัจจุบันส่วนใหญ่ของนักวิทยาศาสตร์ไม่มากก็น้อย^[3]^[4] การปฏิเสธสามารถทำโดยปริยาย คือเมื่อบุคคลหรือกลุ่มต่าง ๆ ทางสังคมยอมรับวิทยาศาสตร์ แต่หันไปสนใจเรื่องที่ง่าย ๆ กว่า แทนที่จะหาทางแก้ไข^[5] มีงานศึกษาทางสังคมศาสตร์หลายงานที่วิเคราะห์จุดยืนต่าง ๆ เหล่านี้ว่าเป็นรูปแบบของ denialism (การเลือกที่จะปฏิเสธความจริง เพื่อหลีกเลี่ยงความจริงที่ทำให้ไม่สบายใจ)^[6]^[7]^[8]

ในการโต้เถียงเรื่องปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน มีการเรียกการรณรงค์เพื่อทำลายความเชื่อถือของมวลชนในวิทยาศาตร์ภูมิอากาศว่า "กลการปฏิเสธ" ของกลุ่มอุตสาหกรรม กลุ่มการเมือง และกลุ่มอุดมคติต่าง ๆ โดยได้การสนับสนุนจากสื่ออนุรักษ์นิยม และนักบล็อกวิมตินิยม เพื่อสร้างความไม่แน่ใจเกี่ยวกับปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน^[9]^[10] ในการอภิปรายของชาวตะวันตกในที่สาธารณะ คำเช่นว่า climate skepticism (วิมตินิยมเกี่ยวกับภูมิอากาศ) ใช้โดยความหมายเหมือนกับคำว่า climate denialism (ปฏิเสธนิยมเกี่ยวกับภูมิอากาศ)^[11] ซึ่งเป็นป้ายชื่อที่ก็เป็นเรื่องโต้เถียงกัน มีผู้ที่ไม่เห็นด้วยกับวิทยาศาสตร์ภูมิอากาศที่เรียกตัวเองว่า "นักวิมติยม" แต่ความจริงไม่ใช่วิมตินิยมเหมือนกับวิมตินิยมทางวิทยาศาสตร์ คือ ไม่ว่าหลักฐานจะเป็นอย่างไรก็ดี ก็ยังคงปฏิเสธความเป็นจริงว่า มนุษย์เป็นเหตุของปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อน^[3]

แม้ว่าจะมีมติส่วนใหญ่ของนักวิทยาศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศว่า มนุษย์เป็นองค์ประกอบหลักที่ผลักดันให้เกิดความเปลี่ยนแปลง^[12]^[13] การเมืองเกี่ยวกับปรากฏการณ์โลกร้อนได้รับอิทธิพลจากการปฏิเสธ ขัดขวางการพยายามเพื่อบรรเทาความเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศและเพื่อปรับตัวให้อยู่ได้ในสภาพภูมิอากาศที่ร้อนขึ้น^[14]^[15]^[16] โดยปกติแล้ว การอภิปรายสาธารณะที่ปฏิเสธการเปลี่ยนแปลง อาจจะดูเหมือนการอภิปรายที่เป็นธรรมชาติของวิทยาศาสตร์ แต่ความจริงไม่เป็นไปตามหลักวิทยาศาสตร์^[17]^[18]

การรณรงค์อย่างเป็นระบบเพื่อทำลายความเชื่อถือของมวลชนในวิทยาศาสตร์ภูมิอากาศ มักจะมาจากกลุ่มที่นิยมนโยบายทางเศรษฐกิจแบบอนุรักษ์นิยม และกลุ่มอุตสาหกรรมที่ต่อต้านการควบคุมการปล่อยคาร์บอนไดออกไซด์ซึ่งเป็นแก๊สเรือนกระจก^[19] การปฏิเสธการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ มาจากกลุ่มวิ่งเต้นเพื่อบริษัทน้ำมันและบริษัทผลิตไฟฟ้า จากพี่น้องอภิมหาเศรษฐีตระกูลคอช (สมบัติรวมกันมูลค่า 84,000 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐ) จากกลุ่มอุตสหากรรม และจากกลุ่มนักวิชาการอิสระเสรีนิยม บ่อยครั้งในประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา^[15]^[20]^[21]^[22] ระหว่างปี 2545-2553 มีการบริจาคเงินแบบนิรนามมูลค่าเกือบ 120 ล้านดอลลาร์สหรัฐ (ประมาณ 3,592 ล้านบาท) บางส่วนจากอภิมหาเศรษฐี ให้กับองค์การกว่า 100 องค์กร ที่พยายามจะทำลายความเชื่อถือของมวลชนในวิทยาศาสตร์เกี่ยวกับการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ^[23] ในปี 2556 ศูนย์เพื่อสื่อมวลชนและประชาธิปไตย (Center for Media and Democracy) ที่เป็นองค์กรควบคุมดูแลเชิงเสรีนิยม รายงานว่า กลุ่มเครือข่ายนโยบายระดับรัฐ (State Policy Network) ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มครอบคลุมของกลุ่มวิชาการ 64 องค์กร ได้พยายามวิ่งเต้นเพื่อประโยชน์ของบริษัทยักษใหญ่และผู้บริจาคอนุรักษ์นิยม เพื่อต่อต้านกฎหมายควบคุมการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ^[24]

ดูเพิ่ม[แก้]

พลังงานทดแทน

เชิงอรรถและอ้างอิง[แก้]

↑ National Center for Science Education 2010
↑ Powell 2012, pp. 170–173
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Dunlap 2013, pp. 691–698
↑ Timmer 2014
↑ National Center for Science Education 2012
↑ "Timeline, Climate Change and its Naysayers". Newsweek. 2007-08-13.
↑ Christoff, Peter (2007-07-09). "Climate change is another grim tale to be treated with respect - Opinion". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-03-19.
↑ Connelly, Joel (2007-07-10). "Deniers of global warming harm us". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-12-25.
↑ Dunlap 2013, pp. 691–698
↑ Begley 2007
↑ Nerlich 2010, pp. 419, 437: "Climate scepticism in the sense of climate denialism or contrarianism is not a new phenomenon, but it has recently been very much in the media spotlight. …. Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views. This allowed them to question climate science and climate policies based on it and to promote political inaction and inertia. …. footnote 1. I shall use 'climate sceptics' here in the sense of 'climate deniers', although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010). However, 'climate sceptic' and 'climate scepticism' were commonly used during the 'climategate' debate as meaning 'climate denier'."
↑ Oreskes, Naomi (2007). "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We're Not Wrong?". ใน DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (บ.ก.). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.
↑ "CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2015-02-27. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-03-07. The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together
↑ Dunlap 2013
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Jacques, Dunlap & Freeman 2008, p. 351: "Conservative think tanks...and their backers launched a full-scale counter-movement... We suggest that this counter-movement has been central to the reversal of US support for environmental protection, both domestically and internationally. Its major tactic has been disputing the seriousness of environmental problems and undermining environmental science by promoting what we term 'environmental scepticism.'"
↑ Painter & Ashe 2012
↑ Hoofnagle, Mark (2007-04-30). "Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)".
↑ Diethelm & McKee 2009
↑ Klein, Naomi (2011-11-09). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-01-02.
↑ Dunlap 2013
↑ Michaels, David (2008). Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199719764.
↑ Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-03-19. See, e.g., p31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial.
↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne (2013-02-14). "Secret funding helped build vast network of climate denial thinktanks". The Guardian. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-03-01.
↑ Pilkington, Ed (2013-11-14). "Facebook and Microsoft help fund rightwing lobby network, report finds". The Guardian. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-11-17.

บรรณานุกรม[แก้]

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บทความนี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยการเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล

หมายเหตุ: ขอแนะนำให้จัดหมวดหมู่โครงให้เข้ากับเนื้อหาของบทความ (ดูเพิ่มที่ วิกิพีเดีย:โครงการจัดหมวดหมู่โครงที่ยังไม่สมบูรณ์)

[ncse-pillars-1] National Center for Science Education 2010

[Powell2012-2] Powell 2012, pp. 170–173

[continuum-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Dunlap 2013, pp. 691–698

[Timmer-4] Timmer 2014

[NCSE_implicit-5] National Center for Science Education 2012

[NewsweekTimeline-6] "Timeline, Climate Change and its Naysayers". Newsweek. 2007-08-13.

[Christoff-7] Christoff, Peter (2007-07-09). "Climate change is another grim tale to be treated with respect - Opinion". Melbourne: Theage.com.au. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-03-19.

[ConnellyHarm-8] Connelly, Joel (2007-07-10). "Deniers of global warming harm us". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2009-12-25.

[denial_machine-9] Dunlap 2013, pp. 691–698

[Newsweek_denial_machine-10] Begley 2007

[Nerlich_2010-11] Nerlich 2010, pp. 419, 437: "Climate scepticism in the sense of climate denialism or contrarianism is not a new phenomenon, but it has recently been very much in the media spotlight. …. Such disagreements are not new but the emails provided climate sceptics, in the sense of deniers or contrarians, with a golden opportunity to mount a sustained effort aimed at demonstrating the legitimacy of their views. This allowed them to question climate science and climate policies based on it and to promote political inaction and inertia. …. footnote 1. I shall use 'climate sceptics' here in the sense of 'climate deniers', although there are obvious differences between scepticism and denial (see Shermer, 2010; Kemp, et al., 2010). However, 'climate sceptic' and 'climate scepticism' were commonly used during the 'climategate' debate as meaning 'climate denier'."

[The_MIT_Press-12] Oreskes, Naomi (2007). "The Scientific Consensus on Climate Change: How Do We Know We're Not Wrong?". ใน DiMento, Joseph F. C.; Doughman, Pamela M. (บ.ก.). Climate Change: What It Means for Us, Our Children, and Our Grandchildren. The MIT Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-262-54193-0.

[13] "CLIMATE CHANGE 2014: Synthesis Report. Summary for Policymakers" (PDF). IPCC. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2015-02-27. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2015-03-07. The evidence for human influence on the climate system has grown since the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4). It is extremely likely that more than half of the observed increase in global average surface temperature from 1951 to 2010 was caused by the anthropogenic increase in greenhouse gas concentrations and other anthropogenic forcings together

[14] Dunlap 2013

[freeman351-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Jacques, Dunlap & Freeman 2008, p. 351: "Conservative think tanks...and their backers launched a full-scale counter-movement... We suggest that this counter-movement has been central to the reversal of US support for environmental protection, both domestically and internationally. Its major tactic has been disputing the seriousness of environmental problems and undermining environmental science by promoting what we term 'environmental scepticism.'"

[public-success-16] Painter & Ashe 2012

[17] Hoofnagle, Mark (2007-04-30). "Hello Science blogs (Welcome to Denialism blog)".

[Deithelm_McKie-18] Diethelm & McKee 2009

[klein2011-19] Klein, Naomi (2011-11-09). "Capitalism vs. the Climate". The Nation. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2012-01-02.

[20] Dunlap 2013

[Michaels-21] Michaels, David (2008). Doubt is Their Product: How Industry's Assault on Science Threatens Your Health. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199719764.

[Hoggan-22] Hoggan, James; Littlemore, Richard (2009). Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming. Vancouver: Greystone Books. ISBN 978-1-55365-485-8. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2010-03-19. See, e.g., p31 ff, describing industry-based advocacy strategies in the context of climate change denial, and p73 ff, describing involvement of free-market think tanks in climate-change denial.

[denial-thinktanks-network-23] Goldenberg, Suzanne (2013-02-14). "Secret funding helped build vast network of climate denial thinktanks". The Guardian. London. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-03-01.

[24] Pilkington, Ed (2013-11-14). "Facebook and Microsoft help fund rightwing lobby network, report finds". The Guardian. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2013-11-17.

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@@ บรรทัด 46: / บรรทัด 46: @@
 {{รายการอ้างอิง|30em}}
+== บรรณานุกรม ==
-== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
+{{refbegin|2}}
-* {{Cite journal |title = Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change |first = Liisa |last = Antilla |journal = Global Environmental Change |volume = 15 |year = 2005 |pages = 338-352 |doi = 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.003 |url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.372.2033&rep=rep1&type=pdf |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal |title=Climate of scepticism: US newspaper coverage of the science of climate change |first=Liisa |last=Antilla |journal=Global Environmental Change |volume=15 |issue=4 |year=2005 |pages=338–352 |doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.08.003 |citeseerx=10.1.1.372.2033 }}
-* {{cite web |last = Begley |first = Sharon |url = http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482 |title = The Truth About Denial |publisher = Newsweek |date = 2007-08-13 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071021024942/http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482 |archivedate = 2007-10-21 |ref = harv |access-date = 2016-01-22 |url-status = live }} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070820002929/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20122975/site/newsweek/page/0/ MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007])
+* {{cite magazine|last=Begley|first=Sharon|author-link=Sharon Begley|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482|title=The Truth About Denial|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|date=13 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021024942/http://www.newsweek.com/id/32482|archive-date=21 October 2007}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070820002929/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20122975/site/newsweek/page/0/ MSNBC single page version, archived 20 August 2007])
-* {{cite web |last = Boslough |first = Mark |title = Deniers are not Skeptics |website = Committee for Skeptical Inquiry |date = 2014-12-05 |url = http://www.csicop.org/news/show/deniers_are_not_skeptics |ref = harv |accessdate = 2015-07-07}}
+* {{cite journal |title=Climate and environmental science denial: A review of the scientific literature published in 1990–2015 |first=Karin Edvardsson|display-authors=et al |last=Björnberg |journal=[[Journal of Cleaner Production]] |volume=167 |year=2017 |pages= 229–241 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.066 |doi-access=free }}
-* {{cite news |last = Brown |first = R. G. E., Jr. |title = Environmental science under siege: Fringe science and the 104th Congress, U. S. House of Representatives. |work = Report, Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science |publisher = U. S. House of Representatives |location = Washington, D. C. |date = 1996-10-23 |url = http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Reports/environment_science_report_23oct96.pdf |ref = harv |access-date = 2016-01-22 |archive-date = 2007-09-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222320/http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Reports/environment_science_report_23oct96.pdf |url-status = bot: unknown }}
-* {{cite web |author = CBC News: the fifth estate |title = The Denial Machine |archivedate = 2007-03-12 |date = 2007 |url = http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/ |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312023300/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/ |ref = harv |accessdate = 2015-07-29 |url-status = live }}
+* {{cite web | last=Boslough | first=Mark | author-link=Mark Boslough | title=Deniers are not Skeptics | website=Committee for Skeptical Inquiry | date=5 December 2014 | url=http://www.csicop.org/news/show/deniers_are_not_skeptics | access-date=7 July 2015 | archive-date=16 March 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316073508/https://www.csicop.org/news/show/deniers_are_not_skeptics | url-status=live }}
+* {{cite news |last=Brown | first=R. G. E. Jr. |title=Environmental science under siege: Fringe science and the 104th Congress, U. S. House of Representatives. |work=Report, Democratic Caucus of the Committee on Science |publisher=U. S. House of Representatives |location=Washington, D.C. |date=23 October 1996 |url=http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Reports/environment_science_report_23oct96.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926222320/http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Reports/environment_science_report_23oct96.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}
-* {{Cite book |title = Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming |first = Erik |last = Conway |first2 = Naomi |last2 = Oreskes |isbn = 1-59691-610-9 |year = 2010 |publisher = Bloomsbury |location = USA |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CrtoNFTuPwwC&pg=PA170 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite web | author=CBC News: the fifth estate | title=The Denial Machine | archive-date=12 March 2007 | year=2007 | url=http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312023300/http://www.cbc.ca/fifth/denialmachine/ | access-date=29 July 2015 }}
-* {{Cite journal |first1 = Pascal |last1 = Diethelm |first2 = Martin |last2 = McKee |title = Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond? |journal = European Journal of Public Health |volume = 19 |issue = 1 |pages = 2-4 |date = 2009-01  |doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 |pmid = 19158101 |url = http://eurpub.oxfordjournals.org/content/eurpub/19/1/2.full.pdf |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book |title=Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming |first1=Erik |last1=Conway |first2=Naomi |last2=Oreskes |isbn=978-1-59691-610-4 |year=2010 |publisher=Bloomsbury |location=US|url=https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/merchantsofdoubt00ores/page/170 170] }}
-* {{cite book |last = Dunlap |first = Riley E |last2 = McCright |first2 = Aaron M. |year = 2011 |title = Climate Change Denial: Sources, actors, and strategies |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 0-415-54478-5 |ref = harv}}
-* {{cite journal |last = Dunlap |first = R. E. |title = Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction |journal = American Behavioral Scientist |publisher = SAGE |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |year = 2013 |doi = 10.1177/0002764213477097 |accessdate = 2015-05-27 |url = http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Riley_Dunlap/publication/274306932_Climate_Change_Skepticism_and_Denial_An_Introduction/links/552204580cf29dcabb0d3027.pdf |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal |first1=Pascal |last1=Diethelm |first2=Martin |last2=McKee| author-link2 = Martin McKee | title = Denialism: what is it and how should scientists respond? | journal = [[European Journal of Public Health]] | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–4 |date=January 2009 | doi = 10.1093/eurpub/ckn139 | pmid = 19158101 | doi-access = free }}
-* {{cite book |chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JihhbdpO-yoC&pg=PA153 |last1 = Dunlap |first1 = Riley E. |last2 = McCright |first2 = Aaron M. |contribution = Organised Climate Change Denial |editor1-last = Dryzek |editor1-first = John S. |editor2-last = Norgaard |editor2-first = Richard B. |editor3-last = Schlosberg |editor3-first = David |title = The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society |date = 2011 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0199566607 |page = 153 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|last1=Dunlap |first1=Riley E |last2=McCright |first2=Aaron M. |year=2011 |title=Climate Change Denial: Sources, actors, and strategies |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-54478-8 }}
-* {{cite journal |last = Dunlap |first = R. E. |last2 = Jacques |first2 = P. J. |title = Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection |journal = American Behavioral Scientist |publisher = SAGE |volume = 57 |issue = 6 |year = 2013 |url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764213477096 |doi = 10.1177/0002764213477096 |accessdate = 2015-05-31 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal | last=Dunlap | first=Riley E. | title=Climate Change Skepticism and Denial: An Introduction | journal=[[American Behavioral Scientist]] | volume=57 | issue=6 | year=2013 | doi=10.1177/0002764213477097 | access-date=27 May 2015 | pages=691–698 | s2cid=147126996 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274306932 | archive-date=10 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021148/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274306932_Climate_Change_Skepticism_and_Denial_An_Introduction | url-status=live }}
+* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JihhbdpO-yoC&pg=PA153 |last1=Dunlap |first1=Riley E. |last2=McCright |first2=Aaron M. |contribution=Organised Climate Change Denial |editor1-last=Dryzek |editor1-first=John S. |editor2-last=Norgaard |editor2-first=Richard B. |editor3-last=Schlosberg |editor3-first=David |title=The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956660-0 |page=153 |access-date=6 September 2015 |archive-date=1 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601181558/https://books.google.com/books?id=JihhbdpO-yoC&pg=PA153 |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite web |first = Ross |last = Gelbspan |title = The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial |url = http://www.sorryaboutthat.net/gelbspan.html |publisher = Harper’s Magazine |date = 1995-12 |accessdate = 2015-06-02 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2016-03-07 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042257/http://www.sorryaboutthat.net/gelbspan.html |url-status = dead }}
+* {{cite journal | last1=Dunlap | first1=R. E. | last2=Jacques | first2=P. J. | title=Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection | journal=American Behavioral Scientist | volume=57 | issue=6 | year=2013 | doi=10.1177/0002764213477096 | pmid=24098056 | pages=699–731| pmc=3787818 }}
-*{{cite book |first = Ross |last = Gelbspan |title = The Heat is on: The High Stakes Battle Over Earth's Threatened Climate |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=WcnaAAAAMAAJ |date = 1997-01-01 |publisher = Addison-Wesley Publishing Company |isbn = 978-0-201-13295-3 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite magazine |first=Ross |last=Gelbspan |title=The heat is on: The warming of the world's climate sparks a blaze of denial |url=http://www.sorryaboutthat.net/gelbspan.html |author-link=Ross Gelbspan |magazine=[[Harper's Magazine]] |date=December 1995 |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307042257/http://www.sorryaboutthat.net/gelbspan.html |archive-date=7 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}
-* {{cite book |last = Gelbspan |first = Ross |title = The heat is on : the climate crisis, the cover-up, the prescription |publisher = Perseus Books |location = Reading, Mass |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-7382-0025-5 |ref = harv}}
-* {{cite book |last = Hamilton |first = Clive |title = Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=BdDTUvcFE1YC&pg=PT137 |date = 2011-04-07 |publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-1-84977-498-7 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|first=Ross|last=Gelbspan|title=The Heat is on: The High Stakes Battle Over Earth's Threatened Climate|url=https://archive.org/details/heatisonhighstak00gelb|url-access=registration|year= 1997|publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-201-13295-3}}
+* {{cite book | last=Gelbspan | first=Ross | title=The heat is on : the climate crisis, the cover-up, the prescription | publisher=Perseus Books | location=Reading, MA | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-7382-0025-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/heatisonclim00gelb }}
-* {{Cite journal |last = Jacques |first = P.J. |last2 = Dunlap |first2 = Riley E. |last3 = Freeman |first3 = M. |year = 2008 |title = The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism |journal = Environmental Politics |volume = 17 |issue = 3 |doi = 10.1080/09644010802055576 |url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09644010802055576 |publisher = Routledge |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Clive|author-link=Clive Hamilton|title=Requiem for a Species: Why We Resist the Truth about Climate Change|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdDTUvcFE1YC&pg=PT137|year= 2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-84977-498-7|access-date=16 March 2016|archive-date=23 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323031809/https://books.google.com/books?id=BdDTUvcFE1YC&pg=PT137|url-status=live}}
-* {{cite book |last = Jenkins |first = Stephen H. |title = Tools for Critical Thinking in Biology |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=LkzTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 |pp = 229, 243 |year = 2015 |publisher = Oxford University Press |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Jacques |first1=P.J. |last2=Dunlap |first2=Riley E. |last3=Freeman |first3=M. |s2cid=144975102 |year=2008|title=The organisation of denial: Conservative think tanks and environmental scepticism |journal=Environmental Politics |volume=17 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/09644010802055576 |pages=349–385}}
-* {{cite journal |last = Kemp |first = Jeremy |last2 = Milne |first2 = Richard |last3 = Reay |first3 = Dave S. |title = Sceptics and deniers of climate change not to be confused |journal = Nature |publisher = Nature Publishing Group |volume = 464 |issue = 7289 |year = 2010 |pages = 673-673 |url = http://www.researchgate.net/publication/42833922_Sceptics_and_deniers_of_climate_change_not_to_be_confused |format=[[PDF]] |doi = 10.1038/464673a |ref = harv |accessdate = 2015-09-07 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464..673K }}
-* {{cite book |last = Lever-Tracy |first = Constance |title = Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society |year = 2010 |publisher = Taylor & Francis |isbn = 9780203876213 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XfTISxCa6SwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Stephen H. |title=Tools for Critical Thinking in Biology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LkzTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 |pages=229, 243 |year=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-998104-5 |access-date=16 March 2016 |archive-date=22 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322183523/https://books.google.com/books?id=LkzTBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA229 |url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal | last1=Kemp | first1=Jeremy | last2=Milne | first2=Richard | last3=Reay | first3=Dave S. | title=Sceptics and deniers of climate change not to be confused | journal=Nature | volume=464 | issue=7289 | year=2010 | pages=673 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42833922 | doi=10.1038/464673a | access-date=7 September 2015 | bibcode=2010Natur.464..673K | pmid=20360714 | doi-access=free | archive-date=10 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021214/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42833922_Sceptics_and_deniers_of_climate_change_not_to_be_confused | url-status=live }}
-* {{Cite book |first = Chris |last = Mooney |title = The Republican war on science |publisher = Basic Books |location = New York |year = 2005  |isbn = 0-465-04675-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=D3-SAlY8MYcC |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Lever-Tracy|first=Constance|title=Routledge Handbook of Climate Change and Society|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-87621-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfTISxCa6SwC|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506182513/https://books.google.com/books?id=XfTISxCa6SwC&printsec=frontcover|url-status=live}}
-* {{cite web |author = National Center for Science Education |title = Why Is It Called Denial? |website = National Center for Science Education |url = http://ncse.com/climate/denial/why-is-it-called-denial |date = 2012-01-05 |accessdate = 2015-06-02 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book |first=Chris |last=Mooney |title=The Republican war on science |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-465-04675-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D3-SAlY8MYcC |access-date=4 July 2015 |archive-date=3 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103191339/https://books.google.com/books?id=D3-SAlY8MYcC |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite web |title = Climate change is good science |author = National Center for Science Education |date = 2010-06-04 |url = http://ncse.com/climate/denial/climate-change-is-good-science |website = National Center for Science Education |accessdate = 2015-06-21 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite web | author=National Center for Science Education | title=Why Is It Called Denial? | website=[[National Center for Science Education]] | url=http://ncse.com/climate/denial/why-is-it-called-denial | date=5 January 2012 | access-date=2 June 2015 | archive-date=26 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526180046/http://ncse.com/climate/denial/why-is-it-called-denial | url-status=live }}
-* {{cite journal |last = Nerlich |first = Brigitte |title = 'Climategate': Paradoxical Metaphors and Political Paralysis |journal = Environmental Values |publisher = White Horse Press |volume = 19 |issue = 4 |year = 2010 |pages = 419-442 |url = http://www.academia.edu/2521175/Nerlich_B._2010_._Climategate_Paradoxical_metaphors_and_political_paralysis._Environmental_Values._Environmental_Values_19_4_419-442 |doi = 10.3197/096327110x531543 |ref = harv |accessdate = 2015-07-04}}
+* {{cite web | title=Climate change is good science | author=National Center for Science Education | date=4 June 2010 | url=http://ncse.com/climate/denial/climate-change-is-good-science | website=National Center for Science Education | access-date=21 June 2015 | archive-date=24 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424170135/http://ncse.com/climate/denial/climate-change-is-good-science | url-status=live }}
-* {{cite journal |last = Orlóci |first = L. |title = Vegetation displacement issues and transition statistics in climate warming cycle |journal = Community Ecology |publisher = Akademiai Kiado |volume = 9 |issue = 1 |year = 2008 |pages = 83-98 |url = http://ecoqua.ecologia.ufrgs.br/~lorloci/Koa/7%20Displacement.pdf |doi = 10.1556/comec.9.2008.1.10 |ref = harv |accessdate = 2015-07-29 }}{{ลิงก์เสีย|date=สิงหาคม 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
+* {{cite journal | last=Nerlich | first=Brigitte | title='Climategate': Paradoxical Metaphors and Political Paralysis | journal=Environmental Values | volume=19 | issue=4 | year=2010 | pages=419–442 | url=https://www.academia.edu/2521175 | doi=10.3197/096327110x531543 | access-date=4 July 2015 | archive-date=10 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110162632/https://www.academia.edu/2521175 | url-status=live }}
-* {{cite journal |last = Painter |first = James |last2 = Ashe |first2 = Teresa |title = Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007 |journal = Environ. Res. Lett. |publisher = IOP |volume = 7 |issue = 4 |year = 2012 |page = 044005 |doi = 10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044005 |accessdate = 2015-05-27 |url = http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/4/044005/article |ref = harv |bibcode = 2012ERL.....7d4005P }}
+* {{cite journal | last=Orlóci | first=L. | title=Vegetation displacement issues and transition statistics in climate warming cycle | journal=Community Ecology | volume=9 | issue=1 | year=2008 | pages=83–98 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250008746 | doi=10.1556/comec.9.2008.1.10 | access-date=29 July 2015 | archive-date=10 November 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110021214/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250008746_Vegetation_displacement_issues_and_transition_statistics_in_climate_warming_cycle | url-status=live }}
-*{{cite book |first = James Lawrence |last = Powell |title = The Inquisition of Climate Science |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5SU7utP8PIMC&pg=PA172 |date = 2012-12-01 |publisher = Columbia University Press |isbn = 978-0-231-15719-3 |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal | last1=Painter | first1=James | last2=Ashe | first2=Teresa | title=Cross-national comparison of the presence of climate scepticism in the print media in six countries, 2007 | journal=Environ. Res. Lett. | volume=7 | issue=4 | year=2012 | page=044005 | doi=10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044005 |bibcode = 2012ERL.....7d4005P | doi-access=free }}
-*{{cite journal |last = Rennie |first = John |journal = Scientific American |date = 2009-11-30 |title = Seven Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense |url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/seven-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/ |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite book|first=James Lawrence|last=Powell|author-link=James L. Powell|title=The Inquisition of Climate Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SU7utP8PIMC&pg=PA172|year=2012|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-15719-3|access-date=12 July 2015|archive-date=1 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210601181536/https://books.google.com/books?id=5SU7utP8PIMC&pg=PA172|url-status=live}}
-*{{cite web |last = Timmer |first = John |date = 2014-12-016 |url = http://arstechnica.com/staff/2014/12/skeptics-deniers-and-contrarians-the-climate-science-label-game/ |title = Skeptics, deniers, and contrarians: The climate science label game |work = Ars Technica |ref = harv}}
+* {{cite journal |last=Rennie |first=John |journal=[[Scientific American]] |date=30 November 2009 |title=Seven Answers to Climate Contrarian Nonsense |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/seven-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/ |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019175058/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/seven-answers-to-climate-contrarian-nonsense/ |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite book |last = Washington |first = Haydn |title = Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand |publisher = Routledge |year = 2013 |isbn = 1136530045 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=qbVcIc8w6w4C |ref = harv}}
-* {{cite web |last = Weart |first = Spencer R. |work = The Discovery of Global Warming |title = Roger Revelle's Discovery |publisher = American Institute of Physics |date = 2007-07 |url = https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Revelle.htm |accessdate = 2015-07-18 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2016-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629213525/https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Revelle.htm |url-status = dead }}
+* {{cite web |last=Timmer |first=John |date=16 December 2014 |url=https://arstechnica.com/staff/2014/12/skeptics-deniers-and-contrarians-the-climate-science-label-game/ |title=Skeptics, deniers, and contrarians: The climate science label game |work=[[Ars Technica]] |access-date=14 June 2017 |archive-date=2 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002055845/https://arstechnica.com/staff/2014/12/skeptics-deniers-and-contrarians-the-climate-science-label-game/ |url-status=live }}
-* {{cite web |last = Weart |first = Spencer R. |work = The Discovery of Global Warming |title = The Public and Climate, cont. |publisher = American Institute of Physics |date = 2015-02 |url = http://www.aip.org/history/climate/public2.htm |accessdate = 2015-06-02 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2010-05-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100504184516/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/public2.htm |url-status = dead }}
+* {{cite news|first=Gayathri|last=Vaidyanathan|year=2014|journal=Scientific American|title=What Have Climate Scientists Learned from 20-Year Fight with Deniers?|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-have-climate-scientists-learned-from-20-year-fight-with-deniers/|access-date=23 January 2016|archive-date=20 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820232244/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-have-climate-scientists-learned-from-20-year-fight-with-deniers/|url-status=live}}
+* {{cite book |last=Washington |first=Haydn |title=Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-53004-3 |title-link=Climate Change Denial: Heads in the Sand }}
-* {{cite web |last = Weart |first = Spencer R. |work = The Discovery of Global Warming |title = Government: The View from Washington, DC |publisher = American Institute of Physics |date = 2015-06a |url = https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm |accessdate = 2015-07-18 |ref = harv |archive-date = 2016-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160629213628/https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm |url-status = dead }}
-* {{cite journal |last = Weart |first = Spencer |title = Global warming: How skepticism became denial |journal = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |publisher = SAGE |volume = 67 |issue = 1 |year = 2011 |url = http://www.staff.fcps.net/dgmartin/Global%20Warming%20-%20How%20Skepticism%20Became%20Denial.pdf |doi = 10.1177/0096340210392966 |ref = harv |access-date = 2016-01-22 |archive-date = 2015-06-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610085845/http://www.staff.fcps.net/dgmartin/Global%20Warming%20-%20How%20Skepticism%20Became%20Denial.pdf |url-status = bot: unknown }}
+* {{cite web | last=Weart | first=Spencer R. | author-link=Spencer R. Weart | work=The Discovery of Global Warming | title=Roger Revelle's Discovery | publisher=American Institute of Physics | date=July 2007 | url=https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Revelle.htm | access-date=18 July 2015 | archive-date=29 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629213525/https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Revelle.htm | url-status=live }}
+* {{cite web | last=Weart | first=Spencer R. | work=The Discovery of Global Warming | title=The Public and Climate, cont. | publisher=American Institute of Physics | date=February 2015 | url=http://www.aip.org/history/climate/public2.htm | access-date=18 June 2022 | archive-date=10 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210183643/http://www.aip.org/history/climate/public2.htm | url-status=live }}
-* {{cite news |title = Frontline: Climate of Doubt |date = 2012-10-23 |url = http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/climate-of-doubt/ |work = PBS}}
-* {{cite web |title = Dealing in Doubt: The Climate Denial Machine Vs Climate Science |author = Greenpeace USA |year = 2013 |url = http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/Dealing%20in%20Doubt%202013%20-%20Greenpeace%20report%20on%20Climate%20Change%20Denial%20Machine.pdf |accessdate = 2014-10-28 |archive-date = 2015-06-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150604090238/http://www.greenpeace.org/usa/Global/usa/report/Dealing%20in%20Doubt%202013%20-%20Greenpeace%20report%20on%20Climate%20Change%20Denial%20Machine.pdf |url-status = dead }}
+* {{cite web | last=Weart | first=Spencer R. | work=The Discovery of Global Warming | title=Government: The View from Washington, DC | publisher=American Institute of Physics | date=June 2015 | url=https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm | access-date=18 July 2015 | ref={{harvid|Weart|2015a}} | archive-date=29 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629213628/https://www.aip.org/history/climate/Govt.htm | url-status=live }}
+* {{cite journal |last=Weart |first=Spencer |title=Global warming: How skepticism became denial |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=67 |issue=1 |year=2011 |url=http://www.staff.fcps.net/dgmartin/Global%20Warming%20-%20How%20Skepticism%20Became%20Denial.pdf |doi=10.1177/0096340210392966 |pages=41–50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610085845/http://www.staff.fcps.net/dgmartin/Global%20Warming%20-%20How%20Skepticism%20Became%20Denial.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2015 |bibcode=2011BuAtS..67a..41W |s2cid=53607015 }}
-* {{cite book |last1 = Bowen |first1 = Mark |year = 2008 |title = Censoring Science: Dr. James Hansen and the Truth of Global Warming |publisher = Plume |isbn = 0-452-28962-9 }}
+{{refend}}
-* {{Cite journal |first = Aaron M. |last1 = McCright |first2 = Riley E. |last2 = Dunlap |title = Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative Movement’s Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy |url = http://stephenschneider.stanford.edu/Publications/PDF_Papers/McCrightDunlap2003.pdf |format = [[PDF]] |journal = Social Problems |year = 2003 |volume = 50 |issue = 3 |pages = 348-373 |doi = 10.1525/sp.2003.50.3.348 }}
-* {{cite book |last1 = Shearer |first1 = Christine |year = 2011 |url = http://www.haymarketbooks.org/pb/Kivalina |title = Kivalina: A Climate Change Story |publisher = Haymarket Books |isbn = 978-1-60846-128-8 }}
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