ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ศาสนาชาวบ้านจีน"

เนื้อหาที่ลบ เนื้อหาที่เพิ่ม

ในบรรทัด

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 20:36, 24 พฤศจิกายน 2565

ศาสนาชาวบ้านจีน หรือ ศาสนาเฉิน (อังกฤษ: Shenism มาจาก จีน: 神 Shén แปลว่า เทพเจ้า) หรือ เทวนิยมแบบจีน เป็นขนบทางศาสนาของชาวฮั่น ที่มาจากการบูชาบรรพชนและพลังธรรมชาติ การไล่ผี รวมถึงความเชื่อในระบบธรรมชาติที่เป็นไปตามอิทธิพลของมนุษย์และอมนุษย์^[1] ตามที่ปรากฏในเรื่องปรัมปราจีน เมื่อถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 11 (ราชวงศ์ซ่ง) คติเหล่านี้เริ่มผสมผสานกับความเชื่อเรื่องกรรมและการเวียนว่ายตายเกิดของศาสนาพุทธ และลำดับชั้นเทพเจ้าของลัทธิเต๋า จนก่อให้เกิดระบบศาสนาที่แพร่หลายดังปัจจุบัน^[2]

ศาสนาพื้นบ้านจีนมีที่มา รูปแบบ ภูมิหลัง พิธีกรรม และปรัชญา ที่แตกต่างหลากหลาย แต่มีแนวคิดหลักร่วมกันคือ สวรรค์เป็นที่มาของศีลธรรม เอกภพมีพลังงานชีวิต และบรรพชนเป็นผู้ควรเคารพนับถือ^[3]

ในสมัยราชวงศ์หมิงและราชวงศ์ชิง ราชสำนักยินยอมให้แต่ละชุมชนนับถือศาสนาชาวบ้านของตนได้หากทำให้สังคมมีระเบียบ แต่จะปราบปรามทันทีที่พบว่าเป็นภัยต่อความมั่นคงของราชสำนัก^[4] หลังระบอบสมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์ล่มสลายลง รัฐบาลและชนชั้นนำเริ่มมองว่าศาสนาพื้นบ้านเป็นเรื่องงมงายและล้าสมัยของพวกศักดินา จนถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 ในประเทศไต้หวันและคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 21 ในประเทศจีน ปัญญาชนจึงเริ่มยอมรับศาสนาชาวบ้านมากขึ้น^[5]

เชิงอรรถ

อ้างอิง

↑ Teiser (1995), p. 378.
↑ Overmyer (1986), p. 51.
↑ Fan, Chen 2013. p. 5-6
↑ Madsen, Richard (October 2010). "The Upsurge of Religion in China" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 21 (4): 64–65. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2013-11-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2018-09-25.
↑ Gaenssbauer (2015), p. 28-37.

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—— (2005). "The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China" (PDF). Modern China. 31 (2): 236–278. doi:10.1177/0097700404274038. S2CID 144130739. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 30 ธันวาคม 2013.
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บทความ

Fenggang Yang. Stand still and watch เก็บถาวร 6 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
Prasenjit Duara. Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective เก็บถาวร 17 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
Richard Madsen. Secular belief, religious belonging เก็บถาวร 30 ตุลาคม 2013 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. In The state of religion in China. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
Nathan Schneider. The future of China's past: An interview with Mayfair Yang เก็บถาวร 6 มกราคม 2014 ที่ เวย์แบ็กแมชชีน. The Immanent Frame, 2010.

บทความศาสนานี้ยังเป็นโครง คุณสามารถช่วยวิกิพีเดียได้โดยการเพิ่มเติมข้อมูล

[FOOTNOTETeiser1995378-1] Teiser (1995), p. 378.

[FOOTNOTEOvermyer198651-2] Overmyer (1986), p. 51.

[Fan,_Chen_2013._p._5-6-3] Fan, Chen 2013. p. 5-6

[4] Madsen, Richard (October 2010). "The Upsurge of Religion in China" (PDF). Journal of Democracy. 21 (4): 64–65. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิม (PDF)เมื่อ 2013-11-01. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2018-09-25.

[FOOTNOTEGaenssbauer201528-37-5] Gaenssbauer (2015), p. 28-37.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ บรรทัด 7: / บรรทัด 7: @@
 ในสมัย[[ราชวงศ์หมิง]]และ[[ราชวงศ์ชิง]] ราชสำนักยินยอมให้แต่ละชุมชนนับถือศาสนาชาวบ้านของตนได้หากทำให้สังคมมีระเบียบ แต่จะปราบปรามทันทีที่พบว่าเป็นภัยต่อความมั่นคงของราชสำนัก<ref>{{cite journal |last=Madsen |first=Richard |title=The Upsurge of Religion in China |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=21 |number=4 |date=October 2010 |url=http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Madsen-21-4.pdf |pages=64–65 |access-date=2018-09-25 |archive-date=2013-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101113151/http://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/gratis/Madsen-21-4.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> หลังระบอบสมบูรณาญาสิทธิราชย์ล่มสลายลง รัฐบาลและชนชั้นนำเริ่มมองว่าศาสนาพื้นบ้านเป็นเรื่องงมงายและล้าสมัยของพวกศักดินา จนถึงคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 20 ในประเทศไต้หวันและคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 21 ในประเทศจีน ปัญญาชนจึงเริ่มยอมรับศาสนาชาวบ้านมากขึ้น{{sfnb|Gaenssbauer|2015|p=28-37}}
+== เชิงอรรถ ==
-== อ้างอิง ==
+=== อ้างอิง ===
-; เชิงอรรถ
 {{รายการอ้างอิง}}
-; บรรณานุกรม
+=== บรรณานุกรม ===
-* {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | authorlink = | title = The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China | journal = China Watch | volume = | issue = | pages = | publisher = | location = | date = 2013 | language = | url = http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf | jstor = | issn = | doi = | accessdate = | ref= harv}} Preprint from ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion'', 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
+{{refbegin|32em}}
-* {{cite book | last1 = Gaenssbauer | first1 = Monika | year = 2015 | title = Popular Belief in Contemporary China: A Discourse Analysis | publisher = Projekt Verlag | location = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfOCgAAQBAJ |isbn = 0226304167 |ref = harv}}
-* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 1986 | title = Religions of China: The World as a Living System | publisher = Harper & Row | location = New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYkbAAAAQBAJ | isbn = | ref = harv }}
+* {{citation | last = Adler | first = Joseph | chapter = Chinese Religion: An Overview | title = Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Ed. | editor-first = Lindsay | editor-last = Jones | location = Detroit | publisher = Macmillan Reference USA | year = 2005 |chapter-url=http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Chinese%20Religions%20-%20Overview.htm}}
+* {{cite conference | first = Joseph A. | last = Adler | title = The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China | conference = (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought | location = San Diego, CA | date = 2011 | url = http://www2.kenyon.edu/Depts/Religion/Fac/Adler/Writings/Non-theistic.pdf }}
-* Richard Madsen. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ Secular belief, religious belonging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030065448/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ |date=2013-10-30 }}''. In ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ |date=2014-01-06 }}''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
+* {{cite book | last = Cai | first = Zongqi | year = 2004 | title = Chinese Aesthetics: Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | isbn = 978-0824827915 }}
-* {{citation | first = Stephen F. | last = Teiser |authorlink = Stephen F. Teiser| chapter = The Spirits of Chinese Religion | pages = | title = Religions of China in Practice | series = | volume = | editor = Donald S. Lopez Jr. | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | isbn = | url = http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf | ref = harv }}, extracts at ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]''.
+* {{cite book | last = Chamberlain | first = Jonathan | year = 2009 | title = Chinese Gods : An Introduction to Chinese Folk Religion | publisher = Blacksmith Books | location = Hong Kong | isbn = 9789881774217 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Chan | first = Kim-Kwong | title = Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios | journal = Religion, State & Society | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 87–119| date = 2005 | doi = 10.1080/09637490500118570| s2cid = 73530576 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Chang | first = Ruth H. | title = Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 108 | date = 2000 | issn = 2157-9679 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | year = 2005a | title = Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China |isbn = 9780804751605 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | author-mask= 2 | title = The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China | journal = Modern China | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 236–278 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | doi = 10.1177/0097700404274038 | s2cid = 144130739 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234625/http://www.ames.cam.ac.uk/general_info/biographies/chinese/chau-publications/Chau%20The%20politics%20of%20legitimation%20and%20the%20revival%20of%20popular%20religion.pdf | archive-date = 30 December 2013 | df = dmy-all }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Chau |first = Adam Yuet | author-mask= 2 | title = Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy: Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History | journal = Religion | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | pages = 457–568 | date = 2011 | doi = 10.1080/0048721X.2011.624691 |s2cid = 146463577 }}
+* {{citation | last = Chau | first = Adam Yuet | author-mask= 2 | chapter = A Different Kind of Religious Diversity: Ritual Service Providers and Consumers in China | pages = 141–156 | title = Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought | editor1 = Schmidt-Leukel, Perry |editor2=Joachim Gentz | location = New York | publisher = Palgrave-MacMillan | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781137333193 | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VePQAQAAQBAJ }}
+* {{cite book | last = Cheng | first = Manchao | year = 1995 | title = The Origin of Chinese Deities | publisher = Foreign Languages Press | location = Beijing | url = https://archive.org/details/originofchinesed00chen | isbn = 978-7119000305 | url-access = registration }}
+* {{cite conference | first = Philip | last = Clart | pages = 391–412 | title = Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China | conference = International Symposium on Mazu and Chinese folk religion ({{lang-zh|媽祖與華人民間信仰」國際研討會論文集}}) | location = Boyang, Taipei | date = 2014 | url = http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | title = Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"? | journal = T'oung Pao | volume = 89 | issue = LXXXIX | pages = 1–38 | date = 2003 | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf | doi = 10.1163/156853203322691301 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Clart | first = Philip | title = The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan | journal = Journal of Chinese Religions | volume = 25 | pages = 1–32 | date = 1997 | url = http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/The%20Phoenix%20and%20the%20Mother.pdf | doi = 10.1179/073776997805306959 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Davis | first = Edward L. | year = 2005 | title = Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture | publisher = Routledge |isbn = 978-0415241298 }}
+* {{Cite book | last = De Groot | first = J.J.M. | author-link = Jan Jakob Maria de Groot | title = The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith | year = 1892 | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands }} 6 volumes. Online at: [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi]; Scribd: [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935093/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-1-Groot Vol. 1], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935163/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-2-Groot Vol. 2], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935219/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-3-Groot Vol. 3], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935256/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-4-Groot Vol. 4], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935289/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-5-Groot Vol. 5], [https://www.scribd.com/doc/298935357/The-Religious-System-of-China-1892-Vol-6-Groot Vol. 6].
+* {{cite journal | last = Didier | first = John C. | title = In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200 | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 192 | date = 2009 }} ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol1.pdf Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol2.pdf Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China]'', ''[http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp192_vol3.pdf Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China]''.
+* {{cite book | last = Do | first = Thien | year = 2003 | title = Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region | publisher = Routledge | series = Anthropology of Asia | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Piudqn9uijUC | isbn = 978-0415307994 }}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | title = The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today | journal = Cultural Diversity in China | volume = 1| issue = 1 | pages = 27–43 | date = 2015 | issn = 2353-7795 | doi = 10.1515/cdc-2015-0005 | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal | last1 = Fan | first1 = Lizhu | first2 = Na | last2 = Chen | title = The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China | journal = China Watch | date = 2013 | url = http://fudan-uc.ucsd.edu/_files/201306_China_Watch_Fan_Chen.pdf }} Preprint from ''The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion'', 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024
+* {{cite book | last = Fowler | first = Jeanine D. | year = 2005 | title = An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality | publisher = Sussex Academic Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9wi-ZDdmaqEC | isbn = 978-1845190866 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Goossaert | first1 = Vincent | last2 = Palmer | first2 = David | year = 2011 | title = The Religious Question in Modern China | publisher = University of Chicago Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Bx83dlLMPdMC | isbn = 978-0226304168 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Gaenssbauer | first1 = Monika | year = 2015 | title = Popular Belief in Contemporary China: A Discourse Analysis | publisher = Projekt Verlag | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hGfOCgAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-0226304168 }}
+* {{cite conference | first = Ze | last = Jin | title = Challenges and Choices Facing Folk Faith in China | conference = Religion and Cultural Change in China | location = The Brookings Institution - Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington: DC | date = 2005 | url = http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003028/http://www.brookings.edu/fp/cnaps/events/jinzeenglish20050201.pdf | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | df = dmy-all }}
+* {{citation | last = Jansen | first = Thomas | chapter = Sacred Texts | title = The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions | series = Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion | volume = 82 | editor-last = Nadeau | editor-first = Randall L. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1444361971 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnKSfAS4PcC }}
+* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Stephen | year = 2013 | title = In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China | publisher = Ashgate Publishing |isbn = 978-1409481300 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Lagerwey | first1 = John | last2 = Kalinowski | first2 = Marc | year = 2008 | title = Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD) | series = Early Chinese Religion | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Idhyr1hqS0kC | isbn = 978-9004168350 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Law | first = Pui-Lam | title = The Revival of Folk Religion and Gender Relationships in Rural China: A Preliminary Observation | journal = Asian Folklore Studies | volume = 64 | pages = 89–109 | date = 2005 | url = http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/672 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Li | first = Ganlang | year = 2009 | title = 台灣古建築圖解事典 | edition = 四版五刷 | publisher = 遠流出版社 | location = Taipei | isbn = 978-9573249573 | pages = 47–49 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Li | first = Lan | year = 2016 | title = Popular Religion in Modern China: The New Role of Nuo | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pwrPCwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-1317077954 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Libbrecht | first = Ulrich | author-link = Ulrich Libbrecht | year = 2007 | title = Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy | publisher = Peeters Publishers | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rmT3ZHGxJPgC | isbn = 978-9042918122 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Little | first1 = Stephen | last2 = Eichman | first2 = Shawn | year = 2000 | title = Taoism and the Arts of China | publisher = University of California Press | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5ame4Rl1RXMC | isbn = 978-0520227859 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Littlejohn | first = Ronnie | year = 2010 | title = Confucianism: An Introduction | publisher = I. B. Tauris | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_RZe8Hr57NEC | isbn = 978-1848851740 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Lü | first1 = Daji | last2 = Gong | first2 = Xuezeng | year = 2014 | title = Marxism and Religion | series = Religious Studies in Contemporary China | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6r0FAwAAQBAJ | isbn = 978-9047428022 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Medhurst | first = Walter H. | year = 1847 | title = A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity, in the Chinese Language | publisher = Mission Press | url = https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.13521 }} Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014.
+* {{cite book | last = Mou | first = Zhongjian | year = 2012 | title = Taoism | publisher = Brill | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OtkMuSA5pNsC | isbn = 978-9004174535 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | author-link = Daniel L. Overmyer | year = 1986 | title = Religions of China: The World as a Living System | publisher = Harper & Row | location = New York | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nYkbAAAAQBAJ | isbn = 9781478609896 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Overmyer | first = Daniel L. | year = 2009 | title = Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs | publisher = Brill | location = Leiden; Boston | url = http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | isbn = 9789047429364 | access-date = 24 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150616021930/http://cnqzu.com/library/To%20Organize/Books/Brill%20Ebooks/Brill._Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies/Brill.%20Handbook%20of%20Oriental%20Studies/Local_Religion_in_North_China_in_the_Twentieth_Century__Handbook_of_Oriental_Studies_.pdf | archive-date = 16 June 2015 | url-status = dead }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Ownby | first = David | title = Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience | journal = Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions | volume = 144 | issue = 144| year = 2008 | doi = 10.4000/assr.17633 | doi-access = free }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Palmer | first = David A. | title = Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category? | journal = Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore | volume = 172 | pages = 21–72 | year = 2011 | url = http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Paper | first = Jordan | year = 1995 | title = The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | publisher = State University of New York Press | location = Albany, NY | isbn = 978-0791423158 }}
+* {{cite book | last = Pregadio | first = Fabrizio | year = 2013 | title = The Encyclopedia of Taoism | publisher = Routledge | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=R3Sp6TfzhpIC | isbn = 978-1135796341 }} Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z.
+* {{cite book | last = Pas | first = Julian F. | year = 2014 | title = Historical Dictionary of Taoism | series = Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Albany, NY | asin = B00IZ9E7EI }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Payette | first = Alex | title = Local Confucian Revival in China: Ritual Teachings, 'Confucian' Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong | journal = China Report | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–18 | date = February 2016 | doi = 10.1177/0009445515613867 | s2cid = 147263039 }}
+* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Sautman | first = Barry | author-link = Barry Sautman | year = 1997 | title = Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China |editor-first=Frank |editor-last=Dikötter |encyclopedia=The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives | location = Honolulu | publisher = University of Hawai'i Press | pages = 75–95 |isbn=9622094430}}
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+* {{cite journal | last = Shi | first = Yilong 石奕龍 | script-title = zh:中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教 | title = Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao | trans-title = The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism | journal = 中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版 (Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)) | volume = 28 | issue = 3 | pages = 146–150 | date = 2008 | url = http://www.doc88.com/p-2949949083043.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190831211141/http://www.doc88.com/p-2949949083043.html | archive-date = 31 August 2019 | url-status = dead }}
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+* {{cite journal |last =Tan |first= Chee-Beng |authorlink = |title =Chinese Religion in Malaysia: A General View |journal =Asian Folklore Studies |volume =42 |issue = 2 |pages =217–252 |date =1983 |language = |url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/1178483 |jstor = 1178483|issn = |doi = 10.2307/1178483 |accessdate = }}
+* {{citation | first = Stephen F. | last = Teiser |author-link = Stephen F. Teiser| chapter = The Spirits of Chinese Religion | title = Religions of China in Practice | editor = Donald S. Lopez Jr. | location = Princeton, NJ | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 1996 | chapter-url = http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/main/spirits_of_chinese_religion.pdf }}, extracts at ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]''.
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+* * {{cite encyclopedia | last = Tay | first = Wei Leong | year = 2010 | title = Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation | url = http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf | editor-first = Haneda | editor-last = Masashi | encyclopedia = Secularization, Religion and the State | publisher = University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Wang | first = Mingming | title = A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China | journal = Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series | issue = 155 | page = 27 | date = 2011 | url = http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps11_155.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161016193041/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/wps/wps11_155.pdf | archive-date = 16 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}
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+* {{cite thesis | last = Wu | first = Hsin-Chao | title = Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China |type=PhD | publisher = Harvard University | date = 2014 | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13070033/Wu_gsas.harvard.inactive_0084L_11791.pdf?sequence=1 }}
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+* {{citation | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | author-link = Mayfair Yang | chapter = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | title = Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation | editor-last1 = Held | editor-first1 = David | editor-last2 = Moore | editor-first2 = Henrietta | location = Oxford | publisher = Oneworld Publications | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-1851685509 }}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235730/http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf Available online].
+* {{cite book | last = Yang | first = C. K. | author-link = C.K. Yang (sociologist) | year = 1961 | title = Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=N2d09EhGBgkC | isbn = 9780520013711 }}
+* {{cite book | last1 = Yao | first1 = Xinzhong | author-link1 = Yao Xinzhong | year = 2010 | title = Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach | publisher = A&C Black | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC | isbn = 9781847064752 }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Zavidovskaya | first = Ekaterina A. | title = Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces | journal = St. Petersburg Annual of Asian and African Studies | volume = I | pages = 179–197 | date = 2012 | url = https://www.academia.edu/2071015 }}
+* {{citation | last = Zhao | first = Dunhua | chapter = The Chinese Path to Polytheism | title = Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization | editor-last = Wang | editor-first = Robin R. | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-0791485507 | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7BMp7VT7G4oC }}
+* {{cite journal | last = Zhou | first = Jixu | title = Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics | journal = [[Sino-Platonic Papers]] | issue = 167 | date = 2005 | url = http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf }}
+; บทความ
+* Fenggang Yang. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/31/stand-still-and-watch/ Stand still and watch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153252/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/31/stand-still-and-watch/ |date=6 January 2014 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
+* Prasenjit Duara. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/11/21/chinese-religions-in-comparative-historical-perspective/ Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117123442/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/11/21/chinese-religions-in-comparative-historical-perspective/ |date=17 January 2014 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
+* Richard Madsen. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ Secular belief, religious belonging] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030065448/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2013/10/10/secular-belief-religious-belonging/ |date=30 October 2013 }}''. In ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153206/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/the-state-of-religion-in-china/ The state of religion in China]''. The Immanent Frame, 2013.
+* Nathan Schneider. ''[http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/09/23/the-future-of-chinas-past/ The future of China's past: An interview with Mayfair Yang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106153208/http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/09/23/the-future-of-chinas-past/ |date=6 January 2014 }}''. The Immanent Frame, 2010.
+{{refend}}
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