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== อ้างอิง ==
== อ้างอิง ==
{{รายการอ้างอิง}}
{{รายการอ้างอิง}}

== ข้อมูล ==
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{{Refend}}


== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
== แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น ==
{{Commons category|Ibn al-Haytham}}
{{Commons category|Ibn al-Haytham}}
* {{OL author|883756A}}
* {{OL author|883756A}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Thomas Hockey | last = Langermann | first = Y. Tzvi | title=Ibn al‐Haytham: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥasan ibn al‐Ḥasan | encyclopedia = The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | publisher = Springer | date = 2007 | location = New York | pages = 556–67 | url=http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.htm | isbn=978-0-387-31022-0|display-editors=etal}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120120111729/http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Haytham_BEA.pdf PDF version])
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/nader-el-bizri-ibn-al-haytham-introduction 'A Brief Introduction on Ibn al-Haytham' based on a lecture delivered at the Royal Society in London by Nader El-Bizri]
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm Ibn al-Haytham on two Iraqi banknotes]
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001412/141236E.pdf The Miracle of Light&nbsp;– a UNESCO article on Ibn al-Haytham]
* [http://www.malaspina.org/alhazen.htm Biography from Malaspina Global Portal]
* [http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm#pos9 Short biographies on several "Muslim Heroes and Personalities" including Ibn al-Haytham]
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991013041615/http://www.ionet.net/~usarch/WTB-Services/MiddleEast/WTB-ME-Thinkers-IbnAlHaitham.shtml |date=13 October 1999 |title=Biography from ioNET }}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml |title=Biography from the BBC |access-date=16 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211032459/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/alhazen.shtml |archive-date=11 February 2006 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080708215144/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/alhazen.html Biography from Trinity College (Connecticut)]
* [http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/optics/timeline/people/alhazen.html Biography from Molecular Expressions]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7810846.stm The First True Scientist] from BBC News
* [http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002145/214579e.pdf#214593 Over the Moon] From The UNESCO Courier on the occasion of the International Year of Astronomy 2009
* [http://www.muslimheritage.com/article/mechanical-water-clock-ibn-al-haytham The Mechanical Water Clock Of Ibn Al-Haytham], Muslim Heritage
* Alhazen's (1572) [http://lhldigital.lindahall.org/cdm/ref/collection/color/id/16985 ''Opticae thesaurus''] (English) – digital facsimile from the [[Linda Hall Library]]


{{death|1039}}
{{death|1039}}

รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 11:47, 6 มีนาคม 2566

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม
แอลแฮซัน
ابن الهيثم
เกิดป. ค.ศ. 965 (ป. ฮ.ศ. 354)[1]
บัสรา เอมิเรตบูยิด
เสียชีวิตป. ค.ศ. 1040 (ป. ฮ.ศ. 430)[1] (ประมาณ 75 ปี)
ไคโร รัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์
มีชื่อเสียงจากกิตาบุลมะนาซิร, Doubts Concerning Ptolemy, Alhazen's problem, การวิเคราะห์,[2] Catoptrics,[3] horopter, ความคลาดทรงกลม, ทฤษฎีการเปล่งของการรับรู้ทางสายตา, ภาพลวงตาดวงจันทร์, วิทยาศาสตร์เชิงทดลอง, ระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์,[4] จิตวิทยาสัตว์[5]
อาชีพทางวิทยาศาสตร์
สาขาฟิสิกส์, คณิตศาสตร์, ดาราศาสตร์
มีอิทธิพลต่อแอริสตอเติล,[6] ยูคลิด,[7] ทอเลมี,[8] เกเลน, บะนู มูซา, ษาบิต อิบน์ กุรเราะฮ์, อัลกินดี, อิบน์ ซะฮล์, แอบูแซฮล์ แอลกูฮี
ได้รับอิทธิพลจากโอมาร์ คัยยาม, ตะกิยุดดีน มุฮัมมัด อิบน์ มะอ์รูฟ, แคมอล แอล-ดีน ฟอรีซี, อิบน์ รุชด์, แอล-ฆอซีนี, จอห์น เพ็กคัม, วิเตลโล, รอเจอร์ เบคอน,[9] โยฮันเนิส เค็พเพลอร์

อะบู อะลี, อัลฮะซัน อิบน์ อัลฮะซัน อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัม (อาหรับ: أبو علي، الحسن بن الحسن بن الهيثم) หรือแผลงด้วยอักษรละตินgป็น แอลแฮซัน (อักษรโรมัน: Alhazen,[10](/ælˈhæzən/;[11] ประมาณ 965 –  1040) เป็นนักคณิตศาสตร์ นักดาราศาสตร์ และนักฟิสิกส์สมัยกลางในยุคทองของอิสลามจากบริเวณที่เป็นประเทศอิรักในปัจจุบัน[12][13] ได้รับการกล่าวถึงเป็น "บิดาแห่งทัศนศาสตร์สมัยใหม่"[14][15] เขามีส่วนสำคัญต่อหลักการทัศนศาสตร์และการรับรู้ทางสายตาเป็นการเฉพาะ ผลงานที่มีอิทธิพลมากที่สุดของเขามีชื่อว่า กิตาบุลมะนาซิร (كتاب المناظر, "หนังสือทัศนศาสตร์") ที่เขียนขึ้นในช่วง ค.ศ. 1011–1021 ซึ่งยังคงเหลือเพียงฉบับภาษาละติน[16] ผลงานของอิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมได้รับการอ้างอิงอย่างมากในช่วงการปฏิวัติทางวิทยาศาสตร์ของไอแซก นิวตัน, โยฮันเนิส เค็พเพลอร์, คริสตียาน เฮยเคินส์ และกาลิเลโอ กาลิเลอี

อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมเป็นบุคคลแรกที่อธิบายทฤษฎีการมองเห็นได้ถูกต้อง[17] และโต้แย้งว่าการมองเห็นเกิดขึ้นในสมอง ชี้ให้เห็นถึงข้อสังเกตที่เป็นอัตวิสัยและได้รับผลกระทบจากประสบการณ์ส่วนตัว[18] เขายังกล่าวถึงหลักการใช้เวลาสำหรับการหักเหน้อยที่สุด ซึ่งภายหลังมีชื่อเรียกว่า หลักการของแฟร์มา[19] เขามีส่วนสำคัญในเรื่องแสงสะท้อนหรือกระจก (catoptric) และการหักเหของแสง (dioptric) โดยศึกษาการสะท้อน การหักเห และธรรมชาติของภาพที่เกิดจากลำแสง[20][21] อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมเป็นผู้สนับสนุนของแนวคิดเบื้องต้นที่ว่า สมมติฐานจะต้องได้รับการสนับสนุนจากการทดลองตามขั้นตอนที่ยืนยันได้ หรือการใช้เหตุผลทางคณิตศาสตร์ ซึ่งทำให้เขาเป็ยผู้บุกเบิกระเบียบวิธีแบบวิทยาศาสตร์ยุคแรกประมาณ 5 ศตวรรษก่อนหน้านักวิทยาศาสตร์สมัยฟื้นฟูศิลปวิทยา[22][23][24][25] ด้วยเหตุผล ทำให้บางครั้งมีการเรียกเขาเป็น "นักวิทยาศาสตร์ที่แท้จริงคนแรก"ของโลก[15] เขาก็ยังเป็นผู้รู้รอบด้านที่เขียนเนื้อหาในด้านปรัชญา, เทววิทยา และแพทยศาสตร์[26]

เขาเกิดที่บัสรา และใช้ชีวิตส่วนใหญ่ที่ไคโร เมืองหลวงของรัฐเคาะลีฟะฮ์ฟาฏิมียะฮ์ และหาเลี้ยงชีพด้วยการประพันธ์ตำราต่าง ๆ และสั่งสอนสมาชิกขุนนาง[27] บางครั้งมีการเรียกอิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมตามชื่อรอง อัลบัศรี ตามสถานที่ที่เขาเกิด[28] หรือ อัลมิศรี ("ชาวอียิปต์")[29][30] แอบูล-แฮแซน แบย์แฮกีขนานนามอัลฮัยษัมเป็น "ทอเลมีที่สอง"[31] และจอห์น เพ็กคัมเรียกเขาเป็น "นักฟิสิกส์"[32] อิบน์ อัลฮัยษัมได้ปูทางสู่ศาสตร์ของทัศนศาสตร์เชิงฟิสิกส์สมัยใหม่[33]

อ้างอิง

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lorch, Richard (1 February 2017). Ibn al-Haytham: Arab astronomer and mathematician. Encyclopedia Britannica. สืบค้นเมื่อ 14 January 2022.
  2. ↑ O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
  3. ↑ El-Bizri 2010, p. 11: "Ibn al-Haytham's groundbreaking studies in optics, including his research in catoptrics and dioptrics (respectively the sciences investigating the principles and instruments pertaining to the reflection and refraction of light), were principally gathered in his monumental opus: Kitåb al-manåóir (The Optics; De Aspectibus or Perspectivae; composed between 1028 CE and 1038 CE)."
  4. ↑ Rooney 2012, p. 39: "As a rigorous experimental physicist, he is sometimes credited with inventing the scientific method."
  5. ↑ Baker 2012, p. 449: "As shown earlier, Ibn al-Haytham was among the first scholars to experiment with animal psychology.
  6. ↑ Smith 2001, p. xvi
  7. ↑ "Euclid's Optics" (PDF).
  8. ↑ Smith, A. Mark (1988) "Ptolemy, Optics" Isis Vol. 79, No. 2 (Jun., 1988), pp. 188–207, via JSTOR
  9. ↑ A. Mark Smith (1996). Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics. American Philosophical Society. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9.
  10. ↑ บางครั้งเขียนเป็น Alhacen, Avennathan, Avenetan, เป็นต้น.; the identity of "Alhazen" with Ibn al-Haytham al-Basri "was identified towards the end of the 19th century". (Vernet 1996, p. 788)
  11. ↑ "Ibn al-Haytham". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. สืบค้นเมื่อ 23 June 2019.
  12. ↑ Esposito, John L. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 192.: "Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics."
  13. ↑ For the description of his main fields, see e.g. Vernet 1996, p. 788 ("He is one of the principal Arab mathematicians and, without any doubt, the best physicist.") Sabra 2008, Kalin, Ayduz & Dagli 2009 ("Ibn al-Ḥaytam was an eminent eleventh-century Arab optician, geometer, arithmetician, algebraist, astronomer, and engineer."), Dallal 1999 ("Ibn al-Haytham (d. 1039), known in the West as Alhazan, was a leading Arab mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. His optical compendium, Kitab al-Manazir, is the greatest medieval work on optics.")
  14. ↑ "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 June 2018.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Al-Khalili, Jim (4 January 2009). "The 'first true scientist'". BBC News. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2 June 2018.
  16. ↑ Selin 2008: "The three most recognizable Islamic contributors to meteorology were: the Alexandrian mathematician/ astronomer Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen 965–1039), the Arab-speaking Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna 980–1037), and the Spanish Moorish physician/jurist Ibn Rushd (Averroes; 1126–1198)." He has been dubbed the "father of modern optics" by the UNESCO. "Impact of Science on Society". UNESCO. 26–27: 140. 1976.. "International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics". www.light2015.org (ภาษาอังกฤษ). คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 October 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2017.. "International Year of Light: Ibn al Haytham, pioneer of modern optics celebrated at UNESCO". UNESCO (ภาษาอังกฤษ). สืบค้นเมื่อ 9 October 2017.. Specifically, he was the first to explain that vision occurs when light bounces on an object and then enters an eye. Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1.
  17. ↑ Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World: A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. Oxford University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1.
  18. ↑ Baker 2012, p. 445.
  19. ↑ Rashed, Roshdi (2019-04-01). "Fermat et le principe du moindre temps". Comptes Rendus Mécanique. 347 (4): 357–364. Bibcode:2019CRMec.347..357R. doi:10.1016/j.crme.2019.03.010. ISSN 1631-0721. S2CID 145904123.
  20. ↑ Selin 2008, p. 1817.
  21. ↑ Boudrioua, Azzedine; Rashed, Roshdi; Lakshminarayanan, Vasudevan (2017-08-15). Light-Based Science: Technology and Sustainable Development, The Legacy of Ibn al-Haytham (ภาษาอังกฤษ). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-65112-7.
  22. ↑ Haq, Syed (2009). "Science in Islam". Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages. ISSN 1703-7603. Retrievedn 22 October 2014.
  23. ↑ G. J. Toomer. Review on JSTOR, Toomer's 1964 review of Matthias Schramm (1963) Ibn Al-Haythams Weg Zur Physik Toomer p. 464: "Schramm sums up [Ibn Al-Haytham's] achievement in the development of scientific method."
  24. ↑ "International Year of Light – Ibn Al-Haytham and the Legacy of Arabic Optics". คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 1 October 2014. สืบค้นเมื่อ 4 January 2015.
  25. ↑ Gorini, Rosanna (October 2003). "Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision" (PDF). Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine. 2 (4): 53–55. เก็บ (PDF)จากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ 2022-10-09. สืบค้นเมื่อ 25 September 2008.
  26. ↑ Roshdi Rashed, Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrical Methods and the Philosophy of Mathematics: A History of Arabic Sciences and Mathematics, Volume 5, Routledge (2017), p. 635
  27. ↑ According to Al-Qifti. O'Connor & Robertson 1999.
  28. ↑ O'Connor & Robertson 1999
  29. ↑ O'Connor & Robertson 1999
  30. ↑ Disputed: Corbin 1993, p. 149.
  31. ↑ Noted by Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi (c. 1097–1169), and by
  32. ↑ Lindberg 1967, p. 331:"Peckham continually bows to the authority of Alhazen, whom he cites as "the Author" or "the Physicist"."
  33. ↑ A. Mark Smith (1996). Ptolemy's Theory of Visual Perception: An English Translation of the Optics. American Philosophical Society. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-87169-862-9.

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