มิมิซูกะ

34°59′29″N 135°46′13″E / 34.991459°N 135.770333°E / 34.991459; 135.770333

มิมิซูกะ (ญี่ปุ่น: 耳塚; โรมาจิ: Mimizuka; ทับศัพท์: "สุสานหู") หรือ ฮานะซูกะ (ญี่ปุ่น: 鼻塚; โรมาจิ: Hanazuka; ทับศัพท์: "สุสานจมูก"^[1]^[2]^[3] เป็นอนุสรณ์ในเกียวโต ประเทศญี่ปุ่น สร้างขึ้นเพื่อระลึกถึงจมูกที่ถูกตัดจากทหารกับพลเมืองเกาหลี ^[4]^[5] และทหารชาวจีนหมิง^[6] ถูกสังหาร และตัดเอาจมูกไปในฐานะรางวัลจากสงครามในระวห่างการรุกรานเกาหลีของญี่ปุ่นในปี 1592 ถึง 1598 ภายใต้เนินดินของมิมิซูกะเป็นที่ฝังจมูกจำนวน 38,000 ชิ้นของผู้ที่ถูกฆาตกรรมในสมัยการรุกรานของโทโยโทมิ ฮิเดโยชิแล้วถูกส่งมายังเกียวโต^[7]^[8]^[9] สุสานนี้ตั้งอยูทางตะวันตกของศาลเจ้าโทโยคูนิ ศาลเจ้าชินโตที่บูชาฮิเดโยชิ

อ้างอิง[แก้]

↑ Cho, Chung-hwa (1996). Dashi ssunum imjin waeran-sa (A Revelation of the History of the Imjin War). Seoul: Hakmin-sa. According to Cho Chung-hwa, this name change was made by the government-sponsored scholar Hayashi Rasan (1583–1657) in the early years of the Tokugawa era.
↑ Hawley, Samuel (2005). The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 501. ISBN 89-954424-2-5.
↑ The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea, (in The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 4, Early Modern Japan). Cambridge University Press. 1991. pp. 235–300. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521223553.007.
↑ Turnbull, Stephen (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–1598. Cassell. pp. 230. ISBN 0-304-35948-3. Motoyama Yasumasa's account does not fail to mention that many of the noses and ears interred therein were not of fighting soldiers but ordinary civilians, because `Men and women, down to newborn infants, all were wiped out, none was left alive. Their noses were sliced off and pickled in salt.'
↑ See Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 230. In Motoyama Buzen no kami Yasumasa oyako senko oboegaki, in Zoku gunsho ruiju Series (Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai), 1933, p. 391
↑ See Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 222. "the Battle of Sacheon site is now marked by a massive burial mound containing the remains of more than 30,000 Ming troops killed by the Japanese and interred here without their noses, because these important trophies were to be amongst the last contributions to be lodged with Kyoto's Mimizuka."
↑ Sansom, George; Sir Sansom; George Bailey (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford studies in the civilizations of eastern Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 360. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9. Visitors to Kyoto used to be shown the Minizuka or Ear Tomb, which contained, it was said, the noses of those 38,000, sliced off, suitably pickled, and sent to Kyoto as evidence of victory.
↑ Saikaku, Ihara; Gordon Schalow, Paul (1990). The Great Mirror of Male Love. Stanford Nuclear Age Series. Stanford University Press. pp. 324. ISBN 0-8047-1895-4. The Great Mirror of Male Love. "Mimizuka, meaning "ear tomb", was the place Toyotomi Hideyoshi buried the noses taken as proof of enemy dead during his brutal invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.
↑ Kristof, Nicholas D. (September 14, 1997). "Japan, Korea and 1597: A Year That Lives in Infamy". The New York Times. New York. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-09-22.

[Chochunghwa-1] Cho, Chung-hwa (1996). Dashi ssunum imjin waeran-sa (A Revelation of the History of the Imjin War). Seoul: Hakmin-sa. According to Cho Chung-hwa, this name change was made by the government-sponsored scholar Hayashi Rasan (1583–1657) in the early years of the Tokugawa era.

[Hawley-2] Hawley, Samuel (2005). The Imjin War: Japan's Sixteenth Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. Royal Asiatic Society. p. 501. ISBN 89-954424-2-5.

[Elisonas-3] The Inseparable Trinity: Japan's Relations with China and Korea, (in The Cambridge History of Japan. Vol. 4, Early Modern Japan). Cambridge University Press. 1991. pp. 235–300. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521223553.007.

[Turnbull-4] Turnbull, Stephen (2002). Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–1598. Cassell. pp. 230. ISBN 0-304-35948-3. Motoyama Yasumasa's account does not fail to mention that many of the noses and ears interred therein were not of fighting soldiers but ordinary civilians, because `Men and women, down to newborn infants, all were wiped out, none was left alive. Their noses were sliced off and pickled in salt.'

[Turnbull230-5] See Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 230. In Motoyama Buzen no kami Yasumasa oyako senko oboegaki, in Zoku gunsho ruiju Series (Zoku Gunsho Ruiju Kanseikai), 1933, p. 391

[Turnbull222-6] See Turnbull, Stephen (2002), p. 222. "the Battle of Sacheon site is now marked by a massive burial mound containing the remains of more than 30,000 Ming troops killed by the Japanese and interred here without their noses, because these important trophies were to be amongst the last contributions to be lodged with Kyoto's Mimizuka."

[Sansom-7] Sansom, George; Sir Sansom; George Bailey (1961). A History of Japan, 1334–1615. Stanford studies in the civilizations of eastern Asia. Stanford University Press. pp. 360. ISBN 0-8047-0525-9. Visitors to Kyoto used to be shown the Minizuka or Ear Tomb, which contained, it was said, the noses of those 38,000, sliced off, suitably pickled, and sent to Kyoto as evidence of victory.

[8] Saikaku, Ihara; Gordon Schalow, Paul (1990). The Great Mirror of Male Love. Stanford Nuclear Age Series. Stanford University Press. pp. 324. ISBN 0-8047-1895-4. The Great Mirror of Male Love. "Mimizuka, meaning "ear tomb", was the place Toyotomi Hideyoshi buried the noses taken as proof of enemy dead during his brutal invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597.

[kristof-9] Kristof, Nicholas D. (September 14, 1997). "Japan, Korea and 1597: A Year That Lives in Infamy". The New York Times. New York. สืบค้นเมื่อ 2008-09-22.

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