ผลต่างระหว่างรุ่นของ "ออกไซด์"
เนื้อหาที่ลบ เนื้อหาที่เพิ่ม
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Teetaweepo (คุย | ส่วนร่วม) ลไม่มีความย่อการแก้ไข |
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บรรทัด 17: | บรรทัด 17: | ||
== ดูเพิ่ม == |
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{{โครงเคมี}} |
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{{โครงเคมี}}<!-- กำลังเรียบเรียงเตรียมแก้ไข--> |
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[[หมวดหมู่:ออกไซด์| ]] |
[[หมวดหมู่:ออกไซด์| ]] |
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บรรทัด 60: | บรรทัด 64: | ||
[[uk:Оксид]] |
[[uk:Оксид]] |
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[[zh:氧化物]] |
[[zh:氧化物]] |
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An '''oxide''' is a [[chemical compound]] containing an [[oxygen]] atom and other elements. Most of the earth's crust consists of oxides. Oxides result when elements are oxidized by air. Combustion of [[hydrocarbon]]s affords the two principal oxides of carbon, [[carbon monoxide]] and [[carbon dioxide]]. Even materials that are considered to be pure elements often contain a coating of oxides. For example, [[aluminium foil]] has a thin skin of [[alumina|Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>]] that protects the foil from further [[corrosion]]. |
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==Most oxides are insoluble in water== |
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The oxide [[ion]], O<sup>2−</sup>, is the [[conjugate acid|conjugate base]] of the [[hydroxide]] ion, OH<sup>−</sup>, and is encountered in [[ionic compound|ionic]] solid such as [[calcium oxide]]. O<sup>2−</sup> is unstable in [[water|aqueous]] [[solution]] − its affinity for H<sup>+</sup> is so great (pKb ~ -22) that it abstracts a [[proton]] from a solvent H<sub>2</sub>O molecule: |
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:O<sup>2−</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O → 2 OH<sup>−</sup> |
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Although many [[anion]]s are stable in aqueous solution, ionic oxides are not.<!--period: they "dissolve by reacting--> For example, [[sodium chloride]] dissolves readily in water to give a solution containing the constituent ions, Na<sup>+</sup> and Cl<sup>-</sup>. Oxides do not behave like this. If an ionic oxide dissolves, the O<sup>2−</sup> ions become protonated. Although [[Calcium oxide]], CaO, is said to "dissolve" in water, the products include [[hydroxide]]: |
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:CaO + H<sub>2</sub>O → Ca<sup>2+</sup> + 2 OH<sup>-</sup> |
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In fact, no monoatomic dianion is known to dissolve in water - all are so basic that they undergo [[hydrolysis]]. Concentrations of oxide ion in water are too low to be detectable with current technology. |
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Authentic soluble oxides do exist of course, but they release [[oxyanion]]s, not O<sup>2-</sup>. Well known soluble salts of oxyanions include [[sodium sulfate]] (Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>), [[potassium permanganate]] (KMnO<sub>4</sub>), and sodium nitrate (NaNO<sub>3</sub>). |
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==Nomenclature== |
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In the [[18th century]], oxides were named '''calxes''' or '''calces''' after the [[calcination]] process used to produce oxides. ''Calx'' was later replaced by ''oxyd''. |
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Oxides are usually named after the number of oxygen atoms in the oxide. Oxides containing only one oxygen are called oxides or [[mono-|monoxides]], those containing two oxygen atoms are [[di-|dioxides]], three oxygen atoms makes it a [[tri-|trioxide]], four oxygen atoms are [[tetra-|tetroxides]], and so on following the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[numerical prefix]]es. |
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Two other types of oxide are [[peroxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup>, and [[superoxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. In such species, oxygen is assigned higher [[oxidation state]]s than oxide. |
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==Types of oxides== |
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Oxides of more [[electropositive]] elements tend to be basic. They are called '''basic anhydrides'''; adding water, they may form basic [[hydroxide]]s. For example, [[sodium oxide]] is basic; when hydrated, it forms [[sodium hydroxide]]. |
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Oxides of more [[electronegative]] elements tend to be acidic. They are called '''acid anhydrides'''; adding water, they form [[oxoacid]]s. For example, [[dichlorine heptoxide]] is acid; [[perchloric acid]] is a more hydrated form. |
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Some oxides can act as both acid and base, at different times. They are [[amphoteric]]. An example is [[aluminium oxide]]. Some oxides do not show behavior as either acid or base. |
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The oxides of the [[chemical element]]s in their highest [[oxidation state]] are predictable and the [[chemical formula]] can be derived from the number of [[valence electron]]s for that element. Even the chemical formula of [[ozone]] is predictable as a [[group 16 element]]. One exception is [[copper]] for which the highest oxidation state oxide is [[copper(II) oxide]] and not [[copper(I) oxide]]. Another exception is [[fluoride]] that does not exist as expected as F<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> but as [[oxygen difluoride|OF<sub>2</sub>]] with the least [[electronegative]] element given priority. <ref>''Fully Exploiting the Potential of the Periodic Table through Pattern Recognition'' Schultz, Emeric. J. Chem. Educ. '''2005''' 82 1649.</ref>. [[Phosphorus pentoxide]], the third exception is not properly represented by the chemical formula [[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub> but by [[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>4</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>10</sub> |
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==Common oxides sorted by oxidation state== |
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* Element in (I) state |
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** [[Copper(I) oxide]] ([[Copper|Cu]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Dicarbon monoxide]] ([[Carbon|C]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Dichlorine monoxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Lithium oxide]] ([[Lithium|Li]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Nitrous oxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Potassium oxide]] ([[Potassium|K]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Rubidium oxide]] ([[Rubidium|Rb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Silver(I) oxide]] ([[Silver|Ag]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Thallium oxide]] ([[Thallium|Tl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Sodium oxide]] ([[Sodium|Na]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Water (molecule)|Water]] ([[Hydrogen|H]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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* Element in (II) state |
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** [[Aluminium monoxide]] ([[Aluminium|Al]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Barium oxide]] ([[Barium|Ba]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Beryllium oxide]] ([[Beryllium|Be]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Cadmium oxide]] ([[Cadmium|Cd]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Calcium oxide]] ([[Calcium|Ca]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Carbon monoxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Cobalt(II) oxide]] ([[Cobalt|Co]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Copper(II) oxide]] ([[Copper|Cu]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Iron(II) oxide]] ([[Iron|Fe]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Lead(II) oxide]] ([[Lead|Pb]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Magnesium oxide]] ([[Magnesium|Mg]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Mercury(II) oxide]] ({{mercury}}[[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Nickel(II) oxide]] ([[Nickel|Ni]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Nitrogen oxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Palladium(II) oxide]] ([[Paladium|Pd]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Silver(II) oxide]] ([[Silver|Ag]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Strontium oxide]] ([[Strontium|Sr]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Sulfur monoxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Tin(II) oxide]] ([[Tin|Sn]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Titanium(II) oxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Vanadium(II) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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** [[Zinc oxide]] ([[Zinc|Zn]][[Oxygen|O]]) |
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* Element in (III) state |
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** [[Aluminium oxide]] ([[Aluminium|Al]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Antimony trioxide]] ([[Antimony|Sb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Arsenic trioxide]] ([[Arsenic|As]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Bismuth trioxide]] ([[Bismuth|Bi]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Boron oxide]] ([[Boron|B]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Chromium(III) oxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Dinitrogen trioxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Erbium(III) oxide]] ([[Erbium|Er]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Gadolinium(III) oxide]] ([[Gadolinium|Gd]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Gallium(III) oxide]] ([[Gallium|Ga]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Holmium(III) oxide]] ([[Holmium|Ho]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Indium(III) oxide]] ([[Indium|In]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Iron(III) oxide]] ([[Iron|Fe]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Lanthanum(III) oxide]] ([[Lanthanum|La]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Lutetium(III) oxide]] ([[Lutetium|Lu]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Nickel(III) oxide]] ([[Nickel|Ni]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Phosphorus trioxide]] ([[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>4</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>6</sub>) |
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** [[Promethium(III) oxide]] ([[Promethium|Pm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Rhodium(III) oxide]] ([[Rhodium|Rh]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Samarium(III) oxide]] ([[Samarium|Sm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Scandium(III) oxide]] ([[Scandium|Sc]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Terbium(III) oxide]] ([[Terbium|Tb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Thallium(III) oxide]] ([[Thallium|Tl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Thulium(III) oxide]] ([[Thulium|Tm]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Titanium(III) oxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Tungsten(III) oxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Vanadium(III) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Ytterbium(III) oxide]] ([[Ytterbium|Yb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Yttrium(III) oxide]] ([[Yttrium|Y]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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* Element in (IV) state |
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** [[Carbon dioxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Cerium(IV) oxide]] ([[Cerium|Ce]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Chlorine dioxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Chromium(IV) oxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Dinitrogen tetroxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) |
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** [[Germanium dioxide]] ([[Germanium|Ge]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Hafnium(IV) oxide]] ([[Hafnium|Hf]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Lead(I) peroxide]] ([[Lead|Pb]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Manganese(IV) oxide]] ([[Manganese|Mn]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Nitrogen dioxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Ozone]] ([[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Plutonium dioxide]] ([[Plutonium|Pu]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Ruthenium(IV) oxide]] ([[Ruthenium|Ru]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Selenium dioxide]] ([[Selenium|Se]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Silicon dioxide]] ([[Silicon|Si]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Sulfur dioxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Tellurium dioxide]] ([[Tellurium|Te]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Thorium dioxide]] ({{thorium}}[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Tin dioxide]] ([[Tin|Sn]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Titanium dioxide]] ([[Titanium|Ti]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Tungsten(IV) oxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Uranium dioxide]] ([[Uranium|U]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Vanadium(IV) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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** [[Zirconium dioxide]] ([[Zirconium|Zr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>) |
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* Element in (V) state |
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** [[Antimony pentoxide]] ([[Antimony|Sb]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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** [[Arsenic pentoxide]] ([[Arsenic|As]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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** [[Dinitrogen pentoxide]] ([[Nitrogen|N]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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** [[Phosphorus pentoxide]] ([[Phosphorus|P]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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** [[Tantalum pentoxide]] ([[Tantalum|Ta]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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** [[Vanadium(V) oxide]] ([[Vanadium|V]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>5</sub>) |
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* Element in (VI) state |
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** [[Carbon trioxide]] ([[Carbon|C]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Chromium trioxide]] ([[Chromium|Cr]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Molybdenum(VI) oxide]] ([[Molybdenum|Mo]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Rhenium trioxide]] ([[Rhenium|Re]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Selenium trioxide]] ([[Selenium|Se]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Sulfur trioxide]] ([[Sulfur|S]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Tellurium trioxide]] ([[Tellurium|Te]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Tetraoxygen]] ([[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) |
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** [[Tungsten trioxide]] ([[Tungsten|W]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Uranium trioxide]] ([[Uranium|U]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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** [[Xenon trioxide]] ([[Xenon|Xe]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>3</sub>) |
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* Element in (VII) state |
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** [[Dichlorine heptoxide]] ([[Chlorine|Cl]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>) |
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** [[Manganese(VII) oxide]] ([[Manganese|Mn]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>) |
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** [[Rhenium(VII) oxide]] ([[Rhenium|Re]]<sub>2</sub>[[Oxygen|O]]<sub>7</sub>) |
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* Element in (VIII) state |
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** [[Osmium tetroxide]] ([[Osmium|Os]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) |
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** [[Ruthenium tetroxide]] ([[Ruthenium|Ru]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) |
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** [[Xenon tetroxide]] ([[Xenon|Xe]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>) |
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== See also == |
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{{Wiktionary}} |
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* Other oxygen ions [[ozonide]], O<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, [[superoxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>, [[peroxide]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>2−</sup> and [[dioxygenyl]], O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>. |
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* [[Suboxide]] |
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* See [[:Category:Oxides]] for a list of oxides. |
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รุ่นแก้ไขเมื่อ 22:57, 22 กันยายน 2550
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