รัฐธรรมนูญสหรัฐ

รัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐ
หน้าแรกของรัฐธรรมนูญแห่งสหรัฐฉบับดั้งเดิม ปัจจุบันอยู่ที่ องค์การบริหารจดหมายเหตุและบันทึกแห่งชาติ (National Archives and Records Administration)
ข้อมูลทั่วไป
ผู้ตรา	ผู้แทนของสภาร่างรัฐธรรมนูญ
วันตรา	17 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1787
วันอนุมัติ	21 มิถุนายน ค.ศ. 1788
ผู้ลงนาม	ผู้แทนของสภาร่างรัฐธรรมนูญ 39 จาก 55 คน
ท้องที่ใช้	สหรัฐ

ฃ

ประวัติ

ฉบับร่าง ค.ศ. 1787

การลงนามในรัฐธรรมนูญเมื่อวันที่ 17 กันยายน ค.ศ. 1787

อ้างอิง

Works cited

• Adler, Mortimer & Gorman, William (1975). The American Testament: for the Institute for Philosophical Research and the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-34060-5.
• Billias, George (2009). American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World, 1776–1989: A Global Perspective. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9107-3.
• Bowen, Catherine (2010) [First published 1966]. Miracle at Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention, May to September 1787. New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-10261-2.
• Farber, Daniel (2003). Lincoln's Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-23793-0.
• Levinson, Sanford (1987). "Pledging Faith in the Civil Religion; Or, Would You Sign the Constitution?". William & Mary Law Review. 29 (113). สืบค้นเมื่อ December 15, 2011.
• Maier, Pauline (2010). Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787–1788. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-86854-7.
• Malcolm, George A. (1920). "Constitutional History of the Philippines". American Bar Association Journal. 6.
• Moncure Jr., Thomas M. (1990). "Who is the Militia: The Virginia Ratification Convention and the Right to Bear Arms" (PDF). Lincoln Law Review. 19: 1–25. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 11, 2011.
• O'Connor, Tom (2010). "Constitutional Structure". สืบค้นเมื่อ November 14, 2011.
• Pritchett, C. Herman (1959). The American Constitution. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Qing Yu, Li (1988). "Dr. Sun Yat Sen and the U.S. Constitution". ใน Starr, Joseph Barton (บ.ก.). The United States Constitution: Its Birth, Growth, and Influence in Asia. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 978-962-209-201-3.
• Stacy, Lee, บ.ก. (2003). Mexico and the United States. Vol. vol. 2. London: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7402-9. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Wood, Gordon (1998). The Creation of the American Republic, 1776–1787. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4723-7.

หนังสือสำหรับอ่านเพิ่มเติม

• Bailyn, Bernard, บ.ก. (1993). The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Vol. Part One: September 1787 to February 1788. The Library of America.
• Bailyn, Bernard, บ.ก. (1993). The Debate on the Constitution: Federalist and Antifederalist Speeches, Articles, and Letters During the Struggle for Ratification. Vol. Part Two: January to August 1788. The Library of America. ISBN 0-940450-64-X.
• Bryce, James, viscount (1891). The American Commonwealth. Vol. vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan and Co. pp. [350]–397, [636]–645, 669–682, et passim. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Casey, Gregory (Spring 1974). "The Supreme Court and Myth: An Empirical Investigation". Law & Society Review. 8 (3): 385–420. doi:10.2307/3053081. JSTOR 3053081.
• Edwards. Donna, Mary Anne Franks, David Law (Chair in Public Law at the University of Hong Kong), Lawrence Lessig, and Louis Michael Seidman, "Constitution in Crisis: Has America's founding document become the nation's undoing?", Harper's Magazine, vol. 339, no. 2033 (October 2019), pp. 25–32. "The Constitution is not producing a democracy that's responsive to the people. [p. 31.] ... How do we break this deeply unrepresentative system that we have right now?" "[O]ur system—and especially our elected leaders—are averse to change. But there is still a revolutionary spirit within the American public that doesn't exist among elected leaders." [p. 32.]
• Elliot, Jonathan. The Debates in the Several State Conventions of the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. Vol. Vol. 1, Constitution, Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Journal of Federal Convention, Vol. 2, State Conventions Massachusetts, Connecticut., New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Vol. 3, Virginia, Vol. 4, North. and South. Carolina, Resolutions, Tariffs, Banks, Debt, Vol. 5 Debates in Congress, Madison's Notes, Misc. Letters. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
• Foner, Eric, "The Corrupt Bargain" (review of Alexander Keyssar, Why Do We Still Have the Electoral College?, Harvard, 2020, 544 pp., ISBN 978 0 674 66015 1; and Jesse Wegman, Let the People Pick the President: The Case for Abolishing the Electoral College, St Martin's Press, 2020, 304 pp., ISBN 978 1 250 22197 1), London Review of Books, vol. 42, no. 10 (21 May 2020), pp. 3, 5–6. Foner concludes (p. 6): "Rooted in distrust of ordinary citizens and, like so many other features of American life, in the institution of slavery, the electoral college is a relic of a past the United States should have abandoned long ago."
• Ford, Paul Leicester, บ.ก. (1888). Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, Published During its Discussion by the People, 1787–1788. Brooklyn, NY; Pamphlets written between 1787 and 1788 by Elbridge Gerry, Noah Webster, John Jay, Melancthon Smith, Pelatiah Webster, Tench Coxe, James Wilson, John Dickinson, Alexander Contee Hanson, Edmund Randolph, Richard Henry Lee, George Mason, and David Ramsay. The essay attributed to Gerry was in fact written by Mercy Otis Warren.
• Fritz, Christian G. (2008). American Sovereigns: The People and America's Constitutional Tradition Before the Civil War. Cambridge University Press.
• Garvey, John H., บ.ก. (2004). Modern Constitutional Theory: A Reader (5th ed.). ISBN 978-0314149053.
• Hall, Kermit (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Kaminski, John P.; Saladino, Gaspare J.; Leffler, Richard; Schoenleber, Charles H. & Hogan, Margaret A. (บ.ก.). Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, 1976-. Vol. Published volumes 1–10, 13–23, forthcoming volumes 11–12, 24–29. Most recent volume: The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution, Vol. 23, Ratification by the States: New York, No. 5. Madison: The State Historical Society of Wisconsin. ISBN 978-0-87020-439-5.
• Klos, Stanley L. (2004). President Who? Forgotten Founders. Pittsburgh, PA: Evisum. p. 261. ISBN 0-9752627-5-0.
• Kurland, Philip B. & Lerner, Ralph, บ.ก. (1987). The Founders' Constitution. University of Chicago Press and the Liberty Fund. ISBN 0-86597-279-6; The work consists of "extracts from the leading works of political theory, history, law, and constitutional argument on which the Framers and their contemporaries drew and which they themselves produced".
• Levy, Leonard W.; Karst, Kenneth L. & West, John G., บ.ก. (1992). Encyclopedia of the American Constitution. New York: Macmillan.
• Mason, Alpheus Thomas & Stephenson, Donald Grier, บ.ก. (2004). American Constitutional Law: Introductory Essays and Selected Cases (14th ed.).
• McDonald, Forrest (1985). Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-0311-4.
• Rakoff, Jed S., "The Last of His Kind" (review of John Paul Stevens, The Making of a Justice: Reflections on My First 94 Years, Little, Brown, 549 pp.), The New York Review of Books, vol. LXVI, no. 14 (26 September 2019), pp. 20, 22, 24. John Paul Stevens, "a throwback to the postwar liberal Republican [U.S. Supreme Court] appointees", questioned the validity of "the doctrine of sovereign immunity, which holds that you cannot sue any state or federal government agency, or any of its officers or employees, for any wrong they may have committed against you, unless the state or federal government consents to being sued" (p. 20); the propriety of "the increasing resistance of the U.S. Supreme Court to most meaningful forms of gun control" (p. 22); and "the constitutionality of the death penalty ... because of incontrovertible evidence that innocent people have been sentenced to death." (pp. 22, 24.)
• Robertson, David Brian (2013). The Original Compromise: What the Constitutional Framers Were Really Thinking. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Tribe, Laurence H. (1999). American Constitutional Law.
• Yale Law School. "The Avalon Project: Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention". The Avalon Project. Yale Law School. สืบค้นเมื่อ May 8, 2011.

แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น

แหล่งข้อมูลของรัฐบาลสหรัฐ

• Analysis and Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States: legal analysis and interpretation of the Constitution, based primarily on Supreme Court case law
• United States Constitution: Library of Congress web guide to Constitution related primary documents and resources
• America's Founding Documents: original text and articles exploring the Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights
• Constitution of the United States: original text of each clause in the Constitution with an accompanying explanation of its meaning and how that meaning has changed over time
• THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA As Amended - govinfo.gov

ไม่ใช่แหล่งข้อมูลของรัฐบาล

• Constitution of the United States of America ที่สารานุกรมบริตานิกา
• Constitution: accessible text with index, web images of originals, and explanations of spelling and vocabulary
• Audio reading of the Constitution in MP3 format provided by the University of Chicago Law School
• Mobile friendly version of the Constitution
• National Constitution Center